Campylobacter coli: Difference between revisions

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'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=306254 Taxonomy]'''
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=306254 Taxonomy]'''
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==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequencedDescribe how and where it was isolated.
''Campylobacter coli (C. coli)'' is one of the many species found in class epsilonproteobacteria.  It is a gram-negative S-shaped curved, somewhat rod-shaped cell, about 0.2-0.5 micrometers long, contains a single polar flagellum at one end, and usually lives in the intestinal tract of animals.[1]  The bacteria colonize the intestinal epithelium to a point that it breaks out from the epithelial layer and spreads into the bloodstream.[2] ''C. coli'' is very similar to its bacteria relative, ''Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)''; both cause inflammation of the intestine and cause diarrhea in infected animals and humans. 
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.
 
Most human infections, about 85% to 95%, involve ''C. jejuni'', while ''C. coli'' is responsible for the majority of the remainder.[1] There has been many studies and research for finding treatments to this disease, one of which is the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy for patients with severe infection. Erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, and tetracycline were found to be the best antimicrobial drugs.[4] ''C. coli'' is usually isolated from pigs, birds, and surface water either by classical or molecular methods, including 16S rDNA shotgun sequencing and polymerase chain reactions to differentiate between ''C.coli'' and ''C.jejuni''.[3]


Campylobacter coli is a specie found in the epsilonproteobacteria class.  It is a gram-negative S-shaped curve cell, about 0.2-0.5 micrometers long, and contains a single polar flagellum at one end.


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
Describe the size and content of the genomeHow many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
''C. coli'' is found to have a circular DNA, consisting of 1,860,666 nucleotides long and contains 2,033 genes, in which 1,967 of those are protein codingIt also contains 58 different structures of RNAs.[2] Plasmids isolated from ''C. coli'' were found to be cryptic and contained multiple, novel incompatibility groups. Three small, cryptic plasmids from ''C. Coli'' strands code named pCC2228-1, pCC2228-2, pCC2228-3 were sequenced. pCC2228-1 replicate by a rolling-circle mechanism and pCC2228-2 is a theta-replicating, iteron-containing plasmid (ICP). ''C. coli'' vectors are small in size; they doesn't have many common multiple-cloning site restriction sites, and incompatibility groups are not present.[5]
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?


Campylobacter coli is found to be 1,860,666 nucleotides long and contains 2033 genes, in which 1967 of those are protein coding.  It also contains 58 different structures of RNAs.


==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
''C. coli'' is a gram-negative, S-shaped bacteria which are characterized as being difficult to deal with, microaerophilic, and require high levels of carbon dioxide for growth.  ''C. coli'' is very versatile and has a complete citric acid cycle, including a complex respiratory chain which allows
both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. These characteristics allow it to live and survive in a number of environments including the intestine. 
 
Anaerobic respiration is very important for growth in the intestinal tract and since ''C. coli'' is microaerophilic, it would have to be in an environment that contains 5-15% oxygen and 5-15% carbon dioxide. It requires a complex media to be cultured and always needs extra growth medium such as glutamate, glutamine, alpha-ketoglutarate, or formate. Because ''C. coli'' genome is relatively small, it needs many transport systems for the delivery of essential amino acids, nutrients and ions from the external environment.  The major carbon sources used for growth are carbohydrates and amino acids. [6,7,8]
 


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
''C. coli'' is usually found hand in hand with its bacteria relative, ''C. jejuni''.  These two organisms are recognized as the two most leading causes of acute inflammation of intestine in the United States and other nations.[9] ''C.coli'' is usually isolated from pigs, birds and environmental surface water.  In a total of 1,794 birds trapped, 5% of those had ''C. jejuni'' and only 0.9% were ''C. coli''.  The prevalence of ''C. coli'' differed significantly between ecological groups of birds. Birds that are feeding on invertebrates, opportunistic feeders, and birds that have a larger mass were most commonly infected.  Prevalence was also higher in Europe than in Africa, the Middle East, or Asia.[10]
 


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
''C. coli'' is pathogenic in animals and humans. People usually get infected by eating poultry that contained the bacteria, eating raw food, drinking raw milk, and drinking bottle water that was contaminated with the bacteria. There are many virulence factors found in this bacteria, one of which is cytolethal-distending toxin (CDT), a multisubunit protein which causes cell death by blocking cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage.  The organism infects the intestinal tract of animals and humans and causes diarrhea and septicemia. The bacteria colonizes the intestinal epithelium to a point that it breaks out from the epithelial layer and spread into the bloodstream.[2] Patients with ''C. coli'' show symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and bloody stool.
 


==Application to Biotechnology==
==Application to Biotechnology==
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?
This organism does not produce any useful compounds or enzymes. Most of the studies are geared toward the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
 


==Current Research==
==Current Research==
1. In 2005, Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Siddhartha Thakur and W. E. Morgan Morrow of Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University did a research to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of ''C. coli'' in antimicrobial-free (ABF) production systems at farm and slaughter plant.  ABF systems have been done in the poultry industry over in Europe but none in the US.  With the ABF systems, pigs are not given antimicrobial during growth.  If the animal is infected, they are removed from the farm.  This study shows the high prevalence and antimicrobial-resistant C. coli in the ABF systems. It is the first study reporting the isolation of ciprofloxacin-antimicrobial resistant strains from ABF pigs in the USA and raises concerns.[11]
2. In 2006, a study aim to combine NASBA (nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay) with a molecular beacon probes, which are small, single-stranded nucleic acid, hairpin probes that brightly fluoresce when they are bound to their targets for the detection of ''C. jejuni'' and ''C.coli'' based on their 16S rRNAs, and to use the method for detection of these organisms in chicken meat samples. [12]
3. In 2007, another research done to find prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in US dairy cattle.  Feces were collect from cows and cultured for ''C. jejuni'' and ''C. coli''.  After culture, 59 strands of ''C. coli'' and 473 strands of ''C. jejuni'' were randomly selected for testing to eight antimicrobials: azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline.  ''C. jejuni'' shows resistance to only 3 of the antimicrobials, while ''C. coli'' shows resistance to almost all of the antimicrobial.  This study shows the importance of ''Campylobacter coli'' its ability to increase resistance to a greater number of antimicrobials.[13]


Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required


==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
[1] Lansing M. Prescott, John P. Harley, and Donald A. Klein, 2005.  ''Campylobacter''. Microbiology 6th Edition 430-433, 500.
 
[2] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=search&term=txid306254 National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2007. ''Genome Project''. National Center for Biotechnology Information Web Site]
 
[3] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17716763 Shin E. and Lee Y., 2007. ''Antimicrobial resistance of 114 porcine isolates of Campylobacter coli''. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed]
 
[4] [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no1/ascii/lucey.txt Brigid Lucey, D. Crowley, P. Moloney, B. Cryan, M. Daly, F. O'Halloran, E.J. Threlfall, and S. Fanning., 2000. ''Integronlike Structures in Campylobacter spp. of Human and Animal Origin''. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]
 
[5] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17064774 Miller WG., Heath S., and Mandrell RE., 2006. ''Cryptic plasmids isolated from Campylobacter strains represent multiple, novel incompatibility groups.'' National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed]
 
[6] [http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/42/12/5549 John D. Klena, Craig T. Parker, Krista Knibb, J. Claire Ibbitt, Phillippa M. L. Devane, Sharon T. Horn, William G. Miller, and Michael E. Konkel, 2004. ''Differentiation of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis by a Multiplex PCR Developed from the Nucleotide Sequence of the Lipid A Gene lpxA''. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, p. 5549-5557, Vol. 42, No. 12]
 
7. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=239100 H. N. Westfall, D. M. Rollins, and E. Weiss, 1986. ''Substrate utilization by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli''. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 vol52(4): 700–705]
 
8. [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/186/16/5332 Karen T. Elvers, Guanghui Wu, Nicola J. Gilberthorpe, Robert K. Poole, and Simon F. Park, 2004. ''Role of an Inducible Single-Domain Hemoglobin in Mediating Resistance to Nitric Oxide and Nitrosative Stress in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli''. Journal of Bacteriology, p. 5332-5341, Vol. 186, No. 16]
 
9. Bong Choon Lee, Nancy Reimers, H. John Barnes, Carol D'Lima, Donna Carver, Sophia Kathariou, 2005. ''Foodborne Pathogens and Disease''. Mary Ann Liebert Publisher 2, 2(1): 103-110. doi:10.1089/fpd.2005.2.103.
 
10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12450810 Waldenström J., Broman T., Carlsson I., Hasselquist D., Achterberg RP., Wagenaar JA., Olsen B., 2002. ''Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds''. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed]
 
11. [http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/56/4/765 Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Siddhartha Thakur, and W. E. Morgan Morrow, 2005. ''Campylobacter coli: prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in antimicrobial-free (ABF) swine production systems''. Oxford Journals, Medicine, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Volume 56, Number 4 Pp. 765-768]
 
12. [http://www.molecular-beacons.org/download/churruca,ijfm07(117)85.pdf E. Churruca, C. Girbau, I. Martínez, E. Mateo, R. Alonso, and A. Fernández-Astorga, 2006. ''Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken meat samples by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with molecular beacons''. International Journal of Food Microbiology 117 (2007) 85–90]
 
13. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17578422 Englen MD., Hill AE., Dargatz DA., Ladely SR., Fedorka-Cray PJ., 2007. ''Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in US dairy cattle''. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed]
 
Edited by NL of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]


Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]
Edited by KLB

Latest revision as of 03:14, 20 August 2010

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Campylobacter coli

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Epsilonproteobacteria; Campylobacterales; Campylobacteraceae; Campylobacter

Species

Campylobacter coli

NCBI: Taxonomy


Description and significance

Campylobacter coli (C. coli) is one of the many species found in class epsilonproteobacteria. It is a gram-negative S-shaped curved, somewhat rod-shaped cell, about 0.2-0.5 micrometers long, contains a single polar flagellum at one end, and usually lives in the intestinal tract of animals.[1] The bacteria colonize the intestinal epithelium to a point that it breaks out from the epithelial layer and spreads into the bloodstream.[2] C. coli is very similar to its bacteria relative, Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni); both cause inflammation of the intestine and cause diarrhea in infected animals and humans.

Most human infections, about 85% to 95%, involve C. jejuni, while C. coli is responsible for the majority of the remainder.[1] There has been many studies and research for finding treatments to this disease, one of which is the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy for patients with severe infection. Erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, and tetracycline were found to be the best antimicrobial drugs.[4] C. coli is usually isolated from pigs, birds, and surface water either by classical or molecular methods, including 16S rDNA shotgun sequencing and polymerase chain reactions to differentiate between C.coli and C.jejuni.[3]


Genome structure

C. coli is found to have a circular DNA, consisting of 1,860,666 nucleotides long and contains 2,033 genes, in which 1,967 of those are protein coding. It also contains 58 different structures of RNAs.[2] Plasmids isolated from C. coli were found to be cryptic and contained multiple, novel incompatibility groups. Three small, cryptic plasmids from C. Coli strands code named pCC2228-1, pCC2228-2, pCC2228-3 were sequenced. pCC2228-1 replicate by a rolling-circle mechanism and pCC2228-2 is a theta-replicating, iteron-containing plasmid (ICP). C. coli vectors are small in size; they doesn't have many common multiple-cloning site restriction sites, and incompatibility groups are not present.[5]


Cell structure and metabolism

C. coli is a gram-negative, S-shaped bacteria which are characterized as being difficult to deal with, microaerophilic, and require high levels of carbon dioxide for growth. C. coli is very versatile and has a complete citric acid cycle, including a complex respiratory chain which allows both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. These characteristics allow it to live and survive in a number of environments including the intestine.

Anaerobic respiration is very important for growth in the intestinal tract and since C. coli is microaerophilic, it would have to be in an environment that contains 5-15% oxygen and 5-15% carbon dioxide. It requires a complex media to be cultured and always needs extra growth medium such as glutamate, glutamine, alpha-ketoglutarate, or formate. Because C. coli genome is relatively small, it needs many transport systems for the delivery of essential amino acids, nutrients and ions from the external environment. The major carbon sources used for growth are carbohydrates and amino acids. [6,7,8]


Ecology

C. coli is usually found hand in hand with its bacteria relative, C. jejuni. These two organisms are recognized as the two most leading causes of acute inflammation of intestine in the United States and other nations.[9] C.coli is usually isolated from pigs, birds and environmental surface water. In a total of 1,794 birds trapped, 5% of those had C. jejuni and only 0.9% were C. coli. The prevalence of C. coli differed significantly between ecological groups of birds. Birds that are feeding on invertebrates, opportunistic feeders, and birds that have a larger mass were most commonly infected. Prevalence was also higher in Europe than in Africa, the Middle East, or Asia.[10]


Pathology

C. coli is pathogenic in animals and humans. People usually get infected by eating poultry that contained the bacteria, eating raw food, drinking raw milk, and drinking bottle water that was contaminated with the bacteria. There are many virulence factors found in this bacteria, one of which is cytolethal-distending toxin (CDT), a multisubunit protein which causes cell death by blocking cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage. The organism infects the intestinal tract of animals and humans and causes diarrhea and septicemia. The bacteria colonizes the intestinal epithelium to a point that it breaks out from the epithelial layer and spread into the bloodstream.[2] Patients with C. coli show symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and bloody stool.


Application to Biotechnology

This organism does not produce any useful compounds or enzymes. Most of the studies are geared toward the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs.


Current Research

1. In 2005, Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Siddhartha Thakur and W. E. Morgan Morrow of Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University did a research to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of C. coli in antimicrobial-free (ABF) production systems at farm and slaughter plant. ABF systems have been done in the poultry industry over in Europe but none in the US. With the ABF systems, pigs are not given antimicrobial during growth. If the animal is infected, they are removed from the farm. This study shows the high prevalence and antimicrobial-resistant C. coli in the ABF systems. It is the first study reporting the isolation of ciprofloxacin-antimicrobial resistant strains from ABF pigs in the USA and raises concerns.[11]

2. In 2006, a study aim to combine NASBA (nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay) with a molecular beacon probes, which are small, single-stranded nucleic acid, hairpin probes that brightly fluoresce when they are bound to their targets for the detection of C. jejuni and C.coli based on their 16S rRNAs, and to use the method for detection of these organisms in chicken meat samples. [12]

3. In 2007, another research done to find prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in US dairy cattle. Feces were collect from cows and cultured for C. jejuni and C. coli. After culture, 59 strands of C. coli and 473 strands of C. jejuni were randomly selected for testing to eight antimicrobials: azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. C. jejuni shows resistance to only 3 of the antimicrobials, while C. coli shows resistance to almost all of the antimicrobial. This study shows the importance of Campylobacter coli its ability to increase resistance to a greater number of antimicrobials.[13]


References

[1] Lansing M. Prescott, John P. Harley, and Donald A. Klein, 2005. Campylobacter. Microbiology 6th Edition 430-433, 500.

[2] National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2007. Genome Project. National Center for Biotechnology Information Web Site

[3] Shin E. and Lee Y., 2007. Antimicrobial resistance of 114 porcine isolates of Campylobacter coli. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed

[4] Brigid Lucey, D. Crowley, P. Moloney, B. Cryan, M. Daly, F. O'Halloran, E.J. Threlfall, and S. Fanning., 2000. Integronlike Structures in Campylobacter spp. of Human and Animal Origin. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

[5] Miller WG., Heath S., and Mandrell RE., 2006. Cryptic plasmids isolated from Campylobacter strains represent multiple, novel incompatibility groups. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed

[6] John D. Klena, Craig T. Parker, Krista Knibb, J. Claire Ibbitt, Phillippa M. L. Devane, Sharon T. Horn, William G. Miller, and Michael E. Konkel, 2004. Differentiation of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis by a Multiplex PCR Developed from the Nucleotide Sequence of the Lipid A Gene lpxA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, p. 5549-5557, Vol. 42, No. 12

7. H. N. Westfall, D. M. Rollins, and E. Weiss, 1986. Substrate utilization by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 vol52(4): 700–705

8. Karen T. Elvers, Guanghui Wu, Nicola J. Gilberthorpe, Robert K. Poole, and Simon F. Park, 2004. Role of an Inducible Single-Domain Hemoglobin in Mediating Resistance to Nitric Oxide and Nitrosative Stress in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Journal of Bacteriology, p. 5332-5341, Vol. 186, No. 16

9. Bong Choon Lee, Nancy Reimers, H. John Barnes, Carol D'Lima, Donna Carver, Sophia Kathariou, 2005. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. Mary Ann Liebert Publisher 2, 2(1): 103-110. doi:10.1089/fpd.2005.2.103.

10. Waldenström J., Broman T., Carlsson I., Hasselquist D., Achterberg RP., Wagenaar JA., Olsen B., 2002. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed

11. Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Siddhartha Thakur, and W. E. Morgan Morrow, 2005. Campylobacter coli: prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in antimicrobial-free (ABF) swine production systems. Oxford Journals, Medicine, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Volume 56, Number 4 Pp. 765-768

12. E. Churruca, C. Girbau, I. Martínez, E. Mateo, R. Alonso, and A. Fernández-Astorga, 2006. Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken meat samples by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with molecular beacons. International Journal of Food Microbiology 117 (2007) 85–90

13. Englen MD., Hill AE., Dargatz DA., Ladely SR., Fedorka-Cray PJ., 2007. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in US dairy cattle. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed

Edited by NL of Rachel Larsen

Edited by KLB