Candidatus savagella

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1. Classification

a. Higher order taxa

Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Clostridiaceae Species: candidatus savagella

2. Description and significance

Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.

• Include as many headings as are relevant to your microbe. Consider using the headings below, as they will allow readers to quickly locate specific information of major interest*

3. Genome structure

Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?

4. Cell structure

Interesting features of cell structure. Can be combined with “metabolic processes”

5. Metabolic processes

Describe important sources of energy, electrons, and carbon (i.e. trophy) for the organism/organisms you are focusing on, as well as important molecules it/they synthesize(s).

6. Ecology

Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment.

7. Pathology

How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

8. Current Research

Include information about how this microbe (or related microbes) are currently being studied and for what purpose

9. References

[1] [Pamp, S. J., Harrington, E. D., Quake, S. R., Relman, D. A., & Blainey, P. C. (2012). Single-cell sequencing provides clues about the host interactions of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). Genome Research, 22(6), 1107–1119. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.131482.111]

[2] [Clostridium. (2010). In MicrobeWiki. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium&oldid=54377]

[3] [Jonsson, H. (2013). Segmented filamentous bacteria in human ileostomy samples after high-fiber intake. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 342(1), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6968.12103]

[4] [Ericsson, A. C., Hagan, C. E., Davis, D. J., & Franklin, C. L. (2014). Segmented filamentous bacteria: commensal microbes with potential effects on research. Comparative Medicine, 64(2), 90–98]

[5] [Jonsson, H., Hugerth, L.W., Sundh, J. et al. Genome sequence of segmented filamentous bacteria present in the human intestine. Commun Biol 3, 485 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01214-7]

[6] [Wolfe AE, Moskowitz JE, Franklin CL, Wiemken TL, Ericsson AC (2020) Interactions of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (Candidatus Savagella) and bacterial drivers in colitis-associated colorectal cancer development. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0236595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.Pone.0236595]

[7] [Gaboriau-Routhiau, V., Rakotobe, S., Lecuyer, E., Mulder, I., Lan, A., Bridonneau, C., et al. (2009). The key role of segmented filamentous bacteria in the coordinated maturation of gut helper T cell responses. Immunity 31, 677–689. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.020]

[8] [Thompson, C. L., Vier, R., Mikaelyan, A., Wienemann, T., & Brune, A. (2012). ‘Candidatus Arthromitus’ revised: Segmented filamentous bacteria in arthropod guts are members of Lachnospiraceae. Environmental Microbiology, 14(6), 1454–1465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02731.x]

[9] [Kuwahara, T., Ogura, Y., Oshima, K., Kurokawa, K., Ooka, T., Hirakawa, H., Itoh, T., Nakayama-Imaohji, H., Ichimura, M., Itoh, K., Ishifune, C., Maekawa, Y., Yasutomo, K., Hattori, M., & Hayashi, T. (2011). The Lifestyle of the Segmented Filamentous Bacterium: A Non-Culturable Gut-Associated Immunostimulating Microbe Inferred by Whole-Genome Sequencing. DNA Research, 18(4), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsr022]

[10] [Desvaux, M. (2005). Clostridium cellulolyticum: Model organism of mesophilic cellulolytic clostridia. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29(4), 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.003]

[11] [Umesaki, Y., Okada, Y., Matsumoto, S., Imaoka, A., & Setoyama, H. (1995). Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Are Indigenous Intestinal Bacteria That Activate Intraepithelial Lymphocytes and Induce MHC Class II Molecules and Fucosyl Asialo GM1 Glycolipids on the Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells in the Ex-Germ-Free Mouse. Microbiology and Immunology, 39(8), 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02242.x]

[12] [Klaasen, H. L. B. M., Koopman, J. P., Poelma, F. G. J., & Beynen, A. C. (1992). Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 8(3–4), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04986.x]

[13] [Klaasen, H. L., Van der Heijden, P. J., Stok, W., Poelma, F. G., Koopman, J. P., Van den Brink, M. E., Bakker, M. H., Eling, W. M., & Beynen, A. C. (1993). Apathogenic, intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria stimulate the mucosal immune system of mice. Infection and Immunity, 61(1), 303–306. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.61.1.303-306.1993]

[14] [Gaboriau-Routhiau, V., Rakotobe, S., Lecuyer, E., Mulder, I., Lan, A., Bridonneau, C., et al. (2009). The key role of segmented filamentous bacteria in the coordinated maturation of gut helper T cell responses. Immunity 31, 677–689. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.020]

[15] [Yin, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, L., Liu, W., Liao, N., Jiang, M., et al. (2013). Comparative analysis of the distribution of segmented filamentous bacteria in humans, mice and chickens. ISME J. 7, 615–621. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.128]