Carnobacterium pleistocenium: Difference between revisions
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=4. Cell structure= | =4. Cell structure= | ||
C. pleistocenium is a Gram-positive, motile bacteria with small rod-shaped (bacilli) | |||
morphology approximately 0·7–0·8 μm wide and 1·0–1·5 μm long 2 . It is non-spore forming 2 . On | |||
growth mediums, C. pleistocenium occur solely, in pairs or irregular curved chains 2 . Cold shock | |||
proteins (CSPs) help C. pleistocenium survive and quickly adapt to harsh environments 9 . The cell | |||
wall of C. Pleistocenium is gram-positive, which is thick and continuous, composed of mostly | |||
peptidoglycans 2 . | |||
=5. Metabolic processes= | =5. Metabolic processes= | ||
Describe important sources of energy, electrons, and carbon (i.e. trophy) for the organism/organisms you are focusing on, as well as important molecules it/they synthesize(s). | Describe important sources of energy, electrons, and carbon (i.e. trophy) for the organism/organisms you are focusing on, as well as important molecules it/they synthesize(s). | ||
Revision as of 03:56, 12 December 2023
1. Classification
Classification
Higher order taxa
Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Bacillota Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Carnobacteriaceae Genus: Carnobacterium Species: Carnobacterium pleistocenium
Species
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NCBI: [1] |
Carnobacterium Pleistocenium
2. Description and significance
Carnobacterium pleistocenium is a facultative anaerobe, psychrophilic bacterium that was isolated from permafrost in Alaska dating back to approximately 32,000 years ago [1]. It is part of the genus Carnobacterium, which currently includes eight species that all have capabilities of growing in low temperatures [2]. C. pleistocenium is Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped, and non- spore forming [2]. The unique characteristics of the genus make it an educational organism for scientific research relating to biotechnology, climate change, bio-preservatives and space exploration [3][4]. C. pleistocenium is capable of "springing to life" after prolonged dormancy, sensitive to certain antibiotics, and can grow under low-pressure and anoxic conditions, making it promising for biotechnological applications like cold-active enzyme production and bioremediation [2][5][6][7].
3. Genome structure
The whole genome of C. pleistocenium is 2.7 Mb containing 2,507 protein coding genes with a G+C content of 35% 8 . The melting temperature of the total genomic strain is 62ºC 2 . C. pleistocenium contains unique genes coding for cold shock proteins (CSPs) and flagellar assembly proteins 2 . Knowledge of genes and DNA sequences of the Carnobacterium genus is limited, and the identification of genes associated with certain carnobacterial metabolic traits is primarily derived from specific strains, implying a potential strain-specific nature for these genes 4 . 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis found that the FTR1 isolated strain of C. pleistocenium shared 99.8 % similarity with Carnobacterium alterfunditum, but the DNA hybridization only showed 39% relatedness, as well as the genome size and G+C content being different between the two 2 .
4. Cell structure
C. pleistocenium is a Gram-positive, motile bacteria with small rod-shaped (bacilli) morphology approximately 0·7–0·8 μm wide and 1·0–1·5 μm long 2 . It is non-spore forming 2 . On growth mediums, C. pleistocenium occur solely, in pairs or irregular curved chains 2 . Cold shock proteins (CSPs) help C. pleistocenium survive and quickly adapt to harsh environments 9 . The cell wall of C. Pleistocenium is gram-positive, which is thick and continuous, composed of mostly peptidoglycans 2 .
5. Metabolic processes
Describe important sources of energy, electrons, and carbon (i.e. trophy) for the organism/organisms you are focusing on, as well as important molecules it/they synthesize(s).
6. Ecology
Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment.
7. Pathology
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
8. Current Research
Include information about how this microbe (or related microbes) are currently being studied and for what purpose
9. References
[1] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, November 10). Carnobacterium pleistocenium. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 15:54, September 25, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnobacterium_pleistocenium&oldid=11211 54928
[2] Pikuta, E. V., Marsic, D., Bej, A., Tang, J., Krader, P., & Hoover, R. B. (2005). Carnobacterium pleistocenium sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe isolated from permafrost of the Fox Tunnel in Alaska. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 55:473–478.
[3] Toranzo, A., Romalde, J., Nunez, S., Figueras, A., & Barja, J. (1993). An epizootic in farmed, market-sized rainbow trout in Spain caused by a strain of carnobacterium piscicola of unusual virulence. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 17:87–99.
[4] Leisner, J. J., Laursen, B. G., Prévost, H., Drider, D., & Dalgaard, P. (2007). Carnobacterium: positive and negative effects in the environment and in foods. FEMS microbiology reviews 31:592–613.
[5] NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. (2005, March 3). NASA Astrobiologist Identifies New 'Extreme' Life Form. ScienceDaily. September 22, 2023 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050224093714.htm
[6] Nicholson, W. L., Krivushin, K., Gilichinsky, D., & Schuerger, A. C. (2013). Growth of Carnobacterium spp. from permafrost under low pressure, temperature, and anoxic atmosphere has implications for Earth microbes on Mars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:666–671.
[7] OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT [Large language model].
[8] DOE Joint Genome Institute. (2014). Carnobacterium Pleistocenium FTR1 Genome Assembly Asm74428v1 - NCBI - NLM. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. October 27, 2023 from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_000744285.1/.
[9] Bae W, Xia B, Inouye M, Severinov K. (2000.) Escherichia coli CspA-family RNA chaperones are transcription antiterminators. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7784–7789.
[10] Kim, M. S., Roh, S. W., Nam, Y. D., Yoon, J. H., & Bae, J. W. (2009). Carnobacterium jeotgali sp. nov., isolated from a Korean traditional fermented food. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 59(Pt 12), 3168–3171.
[11] Taş, N., Prestat, E., McFarland, J. et al. (2014). Impact of fire on active layer and permafrost microbial communities and metagenomes in an upland Alaskan boreal forest.
[12] Nicholson, W.L., Davis, C.L., Shapiro, N. et al. (2016). An improved high-quality draft genome sequence of Carnobacterium inhibens subsp. inhibens strain K1T. Stand in Genomic Sci 11: 65.
[13] Rakitin, A., Beletsky, A., Mardanov, A. et al. (2020) Prokaryotic community in Pleistocene ice wedges of Mammoth Mountain. Extremophiles 24:93-105.
[14] Ivancic, T., Jamnik, P. & Stopar, D. Cold shock CspA and CspB protein production during periodic temperature cycling in Escherichia coli. BMC Res Notes 6, 248 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-248
Edited by [Jennifer Bhatnagar], student of [mailto:jmbhat@bu.edu Jennifer
Bhatnagar] for [http://www.bu.edu/academics/cas/courses/cas-bi-311/ BI 311
General Microbiology], 2020, Boston University.
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Bhatnagar at Boston University]]
