Chlamydophila abortus

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Chlamydophila abortus

Classification

Higher order taxa

Kingdom: Bacteria

Phylum: Chlamydiae

Class: Chlamydiae(class)

Order: Chlamydiales

Family: Chlamydiaceae

Genus: Chlamydophila

Species: Chlamydiae

Species

Chlamydophila abortus

Description and significance

This gram-negative bacteria is an obligate intracellular pathogen. Chlamydophila abortus is found in cows, goats, sheep, and pigs where it causes abortion during the later period of pregnancy by colonizing in the placenta. This bacteria is enzootic where its infection is specific to animals; or it can be zoonotic where an animal disease spreads and infects a human. The enzootic abortion in sheep is called ovine enzootic abortion (OEA). This pathogen when zoonotic will cause abortion or serious health problems in women, by invading the placenta and causing infection and irritation. It is important to know the genome sequence due to its pathogenic affects on humans. The infection of C.abortus kills many livestock and causes economic burden to agricultural industries worldwide.(2 and 3)

The first report of C. abortus was in 1936 in Scotland by J.R. Grieg who decribed an unexpected abortion in a sheep. Grieg believed the abortion was due to a dietary deficiency; years later in 1950 Stamp and his associates discovered the abortion was due to an infection caused by an organism. This organism was later named C. abortus and sequence S26/3 was isolated years later in 1979 in Scotland.

Genome structure

This bacteria contains 1,144,377 base pairs within its genome, with a guanine-cytosine pairing taking up 39.9% of the base pairs. C. abortus contains 961 genes which are all arranged in a circular manner. 842 of the genes are conserved with Chlamydophila caviae and chlamydophila pneumoniae. The genome contains single copies of 23S, 16S, and 5S rRNA genes which is different from Chlamydia. Through its genome sequence it is apparent that the pathogen has many varible proteins along it membrane that account for its varible contents. (3 and 7)

Cell structure and metabolism

This bacteria has two membranes and no flagella. It contains four specific proteins on its outer membrane, coded by the genes POMP 90A/B, and 91A/B. These genes are believed to be glycosylated which may be the reason for their heterogeneity. This pathogen lacks any toxin genes and lacks genes involved in tryptophan metabolism and nucleotide salvaging.

Ecology

C. abortus lives and infects the placenta of pregnant livestock such as sheep, cows, and pigs. It has also been found in humans. Bacteria has been found in milk of cattle and also in bulls. If released to the environment through vaginal emission the bacteria is easily spread, and infects other organisms.

Pathology

The class Chlamydiaceae have a very interesting developmental characteristic where they undergo a biphasic process of being infectious but metabolically inactive known as the elementary body, and then switching to a noninfectious but metabolically active cell called the reticulate body. Chlamydophila abortus cause infection by the elementary body binding to a host cell and becoming metabolically active, it then multiplies within the cells inclusion bodies. The inclusion bodies evade lysosomes and avoid the endocytic pathway and intercepts the exocytic pathway. They become secretory vacuoles to the host. The reticulate body are changed back to elementary bodies, then the inclusion bodies then are lysed off or exocytosis occurs, completing the infection. The metabolically active form can be spread through ingestion, aerosols, or physical contact with the infected organism. The bacteria is easily contracted if one infected animal excretes uterine fluid in the environment and another animal comes into contact with it. In humans the symptoms are severe pain in the abdomen area, along with inflamation, influenza-like symptoms, and respiratory problems.

An interesting characteristic of C. abortus is its immune response in mice. A study was done on mice and how their T cells respond to infection of C. abortus. Mice were depleted of CD8+ and CD4+ through monoclonal antibody injections and infected with C. abortus, the results of this experiment shows that the mice depleted from the CD8+ all died. This shows that CD8+ may be needed to stop infection of C. abortus. the absence of CD8+ caused Chlamydail burden on the liver and more apoptotic cells in the inflammatory foci. The CD4+ mice had a lower morbidity than all the other samples, this may show that CD4+ has a play into the activation of C. abortus. (9)

Application to Biotechnology

Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?

Current Research

C. abortus has become a major problem all around the world infecting livestock, and causing them to abort their babies. A study done in 2006, looked at the abortion rate of a group of sheep and goats in Hungary. The study took place over a seven and a half year period. They found that 63% of all the abortions were due to Chlamydophila abortus. As this study shows, C. abortus is very common and it has become more important to study to try to prevent the death of so many livestock.

Recent research was done on cows who often suffer from bovine mastitis which is characterized by the inflammation of the bovine mammary gland. The presence of C. abortus and the lack of antibodies where associated with the presence of bovine mastitis. A vaccine against Chlamydophila reduced milk somatic cell numbers and reduced the presence of bovine mastitis, as well as increased the amount of antibodies. The vaccine lasted 14 weeks then C. abortus became present again in the milk produced by the cow. The presence of C. abortus increased after the vaccination. This study shows the presence of C. abortus causes bovine mastitis. This first attempt with the vaccine can lead to many more experiments and studies of the disease, and soon a solution will be found to rid C. abortus from milk ensuring the safety of the dairy cows and the humans that drink the milk.