Chromohalobacter Salexigens: Difference between revisions

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Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Oceanospirillales; Halomonadaceae; Chromohalobacter;
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Oceanospirillales; Halomonadaceae; Chromohalobacter;
[[File:Sigs.2285059-f2.jpg‎‎|thumb|right|400px|"Chromohalobacter salexigens"[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368415/figure/f2/]]]]


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===Species===
===Species===


C. Salexigens
''C. salexigens''


==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced.  Describe how and where it was isolated.
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.


[[Image: Chromohalobacter_Salexigens_BacMaps.png‎ |thumb|200px|right| Genome Sequence of C. Salexigens. Courtesy of[http://wishart.biology.ualberta.ca/BacMap/index.html BacMap Genome Atlas]]]


This bacterium is a moderate halophile, yet does not require high concentrations of sodium chloride. The salt requirements of this organism can be met by ions of other salts, such as potassium, rubidium, ammonium, bromide, and others.
"C. salexigens" is a gram negative marine bacterium that lives in hypersaline environments. It was isolated from the island of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles [6].This bacterium is a moderate halophile, with a broad salinity range.  ''C. salexigens'' is very flexible in that its salt requirements can be met by ions of other salts such as potassium, rubidium, ammonium, bromide, and others [2]. It is an aerobic chemoorganotroph. It can live in a variety of saline conditions but their optimum concentration is between 2-2.5M [6].


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
Does it have any plasmids?  Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?


DNA Bases: 3696649
DNA Bases: 3696649
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==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.


The growth rate of Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043 can be stimulated in media containing 0.3 M NaCl by a 0.7 M concentration of other salts of Na+, K+, Rb+, or NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, or SO4(2-) ions.
The ability of ''C. salexigens'' to survive in a broad range of salinity, makes it a euryhaline bacterium [6]. "C. salexigens" can be considered extremophiles because they are able to survive in hypersaline conditions due to its osmoregulatory mechanisms, such as its production of ectoine. Its versatile metabolism allows for fast growth because of its ability to use a variety of simple carbon compounds as both its carbon and energy source. This bacterium compared, to other organisms that can live in high saline environments, has a more acidic amino acids that enable it to produce the organic solute, ectoine [7].  


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
 
 
Interactions between ''C. salexigens'' and other bacterium such as various strands of Salmonella allow for salinity tolerance modulation.  In other words, this bacterium allows for other organisms to exist in environments they would otherwise not be able to cope with [4].
 
"C. salexigens" have the eight- gene cluster in order to from Isethionate from taurine, one of the simple compounds that this bacterium uses for its carbon and energy source. The formation of isethionate is used as nutrients for bacterium, "C. salexigens" create a reserve to use as nutrients for other bacterium [8].


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
C. Salexigens is not known to be pathogenic
Current research indicates that ''C. salexigens'' is not known to be pathogenic.


==Application to Biotechnology==
==Application to Biotechnology==
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes?  What are they and how are they used?


The halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens synthesizes and accumulates compatible solutes in response to salt and temperature stress. The ectD gene, which is involved in the synthesis of the compatible solute hydroxyectoine, is essential for thermoprotection of the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens.
In response to salt and temperature stress ''C. salexigens'' produces and stores various solutes. Some solutes, namely hydroxyectoine, are used in thermoregulation processes that protect ''C. salexigens'' from extreme temperatures. [3]


==Current Research==
==Current Research==


Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required


N(gamma)-acetyl-2,4-diaminobutyrate (NADA), the precursor of the compatible solute ectoine, was shown to function as an osmoprotectant for the non-halophilic bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The addition of NADA-containing extracts of an ectoine synthase mutant of the broad salt-growing halophile Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043(T) could alleviate the inhibitory effects of high salinity in S. enterica, which lacks the ectoine biosynthetic pathway. NADA, purified from extracts of the mutant, protected S. enterica against salinity stress.
[[File:3034673_1752-0509-5-12-5.png ‎|thumb|right|400px|Ectoine biosynthesis pathways[[http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=3034673_1752-0509-5-12-5&query=the&fields=all&favor=none&it=none&sub=none&uniq=0&sp=none&req=4&simCollection=2795831_11999_2009_881_Fig5_HTML&npos=2&prt=3]]]]
 
"C. salexigens" are used as the model organism to test osmoadaptation, ectoine is a natural compound found in this bacterium and "C. salexigens" are osmoadaptive because of its' ability to biosynthesize ectoine [7].
 
Scientists are researching mutant ''C. salexigens'' bacterium that synthesize ectoine.  ''C. Salexigens'' mutants can be used to produce N(gamma)-acetyl-2,4-diaminobutyrate (NADA).  When mutants are placed in conjunction with the bacterium ''Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium'', salinity stress typically present in this form of Salmonella ceased to persist. [4]
 
In other research, ''C. Salexigens'' is being investigated to better understand its long-term response to salinity stress regarding membrane modulation. Ectoine-deficient strains of ''C. salexigens'' are unable to cope with salinity stress and undergo extensive membrane changes. The addition of ectoine to these deficient strains, however, allows these bacterium to maintain a salinity responsive membrane. [5]


==References==
==References==
[http://wishart.biology.ualberta.ca/BacMap/index.html Stothard P, Van Domselaar G, Shrivastava S, Guo A, O'Neill B, Cruz J, Ellison M, Wishart DS (2005) BacMap: an interactive picture atlas of annotated bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 33:D317-D320]
[1] [http://wishart.biology.ualberta.ca/BacMap/index.html Stothard P, Van Domselaar G, Shrivastava S, et. al. 2005. BacMap: an interactive picture atlas of annotated bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 33:D317-D320]
 
[2] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=14532102&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum O'Connor K, Csonka LN. 2003. Salt Requirements of C. Salexigens. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392.]
 
[3] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16707670&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum Garcia-Estepa R, Argandona M, Reina-Bueno M, et. al. 2006. Thermoprotection of C. Salexigens. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain.]
 
[4] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16469465&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsumGarcia-Estepa Garcia-Estepa R, Canovas D, Iglesias-Guerra F, et. al. 2006. Osmoprotection of Salmonella Enterica. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain.]
 
[5] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16156114&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsumGarcia-Estepa Vargas C, Kallimanis A, Koukkou AI, et. al. 2005. NADA, the Precursor to Ectoine. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Spain.]
 
[6] [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2tmu33122208324/ Oren, A, Larimer F, Richardson P, et al. 2005. How to be moderately halophilic with broad salt tolerance. Extremophiles. 9:275-279.]
 
[7] [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/5/12 Ates O, Toksoy E, Arga K. 2011. Genome-scale reconstruction of metabolic network for a halophilic extremophile Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043. BMC Systems Biology 5:12.]


[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=14532102&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum O'Connor K, Csonka LN. The high salt requirement of the moderate halophile Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043 can be met not only by NaCl but by other ions. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392.]
[8] [http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/156/5/1547.full Krejcik Z, Hollemeyer K, Smits T, Cook A. 2010. Isethionate formation from taurine in CHromohalobacter salexigens: purification of sulfoacetaldehyde reductase. Microbiology 156: 1547-1555.]


[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16707670&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum Garcia-Estepa R, Argandona M, Reina-Bueno M, Capote N, Iglesias-Guerra F, Nieto JJ, Vargas C. The ectD gene, which is involved in the synthesis of the compatible solute hydroxyectoine, is essential for thermoprotection of the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, c/ Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.]


[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16469465&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsumGarcia-Estepa Garcia-Estepa R, Canovas D, Iglesias-Guerra F, Ventosa A, Csonka LN, Nieto JJ, Vargas C. Osmoprotection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by Ngamma-acetyldiaminobutyrate, the precursor of the compatible solute ectoine. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.]


Edited by Chris Wittrock, a student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano
Edited by Chris Wittrock, a student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano
Revised by Sydney Rodman of Randolph-Macon College

Latest revision as of 00:17, 5 December 2012

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Chromohalobacter Salexigens

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Oceanospirillales; Halomonadaceae; Chromohalobacter;

"Chromohalobacter salexigens"[[1]]


NCBI: Taxonomy Genome

Species

C. salexigens

Description and significance

"C. salexigens" is a gram negative marine bacterium that lives in hypersaline environments. It was isolated from the island of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles [6].This bacterium is a moderate halophile, with a broad salinity range. C. salexigens is very flexible in that its salt requirements can be met by ions of other salts such as potassium, rubidium, ammonium, bromide, and others [2]. It is an aerobic chemoorganotroph. It can live in a variety of saline conditions but their optimum concentration is between 2-2.5M [6].

Genome structure

DNA Bases: 3696649

Chromosome Type: Circular

Total Genes: 3403

Protein Coding Genes: 3319
RNA Genes:              84
Pseudo Genes:           21

Cell structure and metabolism

The ability of C. salexigens to survive in a broad range of salinity, makes it a euryhaline bacterium [6]. "C. salexigens" can be considered extremophiles because they are able to survive in hypersaline conditions due to its osmoregulatory mechanisms, such as its production of ectoine. Its versatile metabolism allows for fast growth because of its ability to use a variety of simple carbon compounds as both its carbon and energy source. This bacterium compared, to other organisms that can live in high saline environments, has a more acidic amino acids that enable it to produce the organic solute, ectoine [7].

Ecology

Interactions between C. salexigens and other bacterium such as various strands of Salmonella allow for salinity tolerance modulation. In other words, this bacterium allows for other organisms to exist in environments they would otherwise not be able to cope with [4].

"C. salexigens" have the eight- gene cluster in order to from Isethionate from taurine, one of the simple compounds that this bacterium uses for its carbon and energy source. The formation of isethionate is used as nutrients for bacterium, "C. salexigens" create a reserve to use as nutrients for other bacterium [8].

Pathology

Current research indicates that C. salexigens is not known to be pathogenic.

Application to Biotechnology

In response to salt and temperature stress C. salexigens produces and stores various solutes. Some solutes, namely hydroxyectoine, are used in thermoregulation processes that protect C. salexigens from extreme temperatures. [3]

Current Research

Ectoine biosynthesis pathways[[2]]

"C. salexigens" are used as the model organism to test osmoadaptation, ectoine is a natural compound found in this bacterium and "C. salexigens" are osmoadaptive because of its' ability to biosynthesize ectoine [7].

Scientists are researching mutant C. salexigens bacterium that synthesize ectoine. C. Salexigens mutants can be used to produce N(gamma)-acetyl-2,4-diaminobutyrate (NADA). When mutants are placed in conjunction with the bacterium Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium, salinity stress typically present in this form of Salmonella ceased to persist. [4]

In other research, C. Salexigens is being investigated to better understand its long-term response to salinity stress regarding membrane modulation. Ectoine-deficient strains of C. salexigens are unable to cope with salinity stress and undergo extensive membrane changes. The addition of ectoine to these deficient strains, however, allows these bacterium to maintain a salinity responsive membrane. [5]

References

[1] Stothard P, Van Domselaar G, Shrivastava S, et. al. 2005. BacMap: an interactive picture atlas of annotated bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 33:D317-D320

[2] O'Connor K, Csonka LN. 2003. Salt Requirements of C. Salexigens. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392.

[3] Garcia-Estepa R, Argandona M, Reina-Bueno M, et. al. 2006. Thermoprotection of C. Salexigens. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain.

[4] Garcia-Estepa R, Canovas D, Iglesias-Guerra F, et. al. 2006. Osmoprotection of Salmonella Enterica. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain.

[5] Vargas C, Kallimanis A, Koukkou AI, et. al. 2005. NADA, the Precursor to Ectoine. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Spain.

[6] Oren, A, Larimer F, Richardson P, et al. 2005. How to be moderately halophilic with broad salt tolerance. Extremophiles. 9:275-279.

[7] Ates O, Toksoy E, Arga K. 2011. Genome-scale reconstruction of metabolic network for a halophilic extremophile Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043. BMC Systems Biology 5:12.

[8] Krejcik Z, Hollemeyer K, Smits T, Cook A. 2010. Isethionate formation from taurine in CHromohalobacter salexigens: purification of sulfoacetaldehyde reductase. Microbiology 156: 1547-1555.


Edited by Chris Wittrock, a student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Revised by Sydney Rodman of Randolph-Macon College