Clostridium cellulovorans: Difference between revisions

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==Classification==
==Classification==
[[File:Clostridiumtree.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Phylogenic tree]]
• Kingdom - Bacteria <Br>• Phylum - Firmicutes <Br>• Class - Clostridia <Br>• Order - Clostridiales <Br> • Family - Clostridiaceae <Br> • Genus - Clostridium


===Species===
===Species===
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'''NCBI:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Clostridium+cellulovorans Taxonomy],[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=genome&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=26364 Genome]'''
'''NCBI:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=1485&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy],[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=genome&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=26364 Genome]'''
|}
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Clostridium cellulovorans
''Clostridium cellulovorans''


Other name: Clostridium cellulovorans strain 743B
Other name: ''Clostridium cellulovorans'' strain 743B


==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
[[File:Cellulose1.jpg|230px|thumb|right|Cellulose]]
<Br> Originally isolated from a batch methanogenic fermentation of hybrid poplar wood, ''Clostridium cellulovorans''(ATCC 35296) is rod shaped and non-motile. ''C. cellulovorans'' is an anaerobic, spore forming, gram-negative bacterium. ''C. cellulovorans'' is a mesophilic bacterium with optimum growth temperature of 37°C, though it can grow in a temperature range of 20 to 40°C. Optimum pH is 7.0, and the pH range of growth is 6.4 to 7.8. This organism produces extracellular enzyme complex known as cellulosomes which can degrade plant cell walls, notably cellulose. As most abundantly available potential source of fermentable sugars in the world are the cell walls in higher plants, utilization of such a vast resource for energy production would reduce the dependency on non-renewable fossil fuels. Hence, ''C. cellulovorans'' have potential industrial application for energy production. <Br> <Br>


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Chlamydia trachomatis has a genome that comprises of 1,042,519 nucleotide base pairs and has roughly 894 likely protein coding sequences. [2] C. trachomatis strains have an extrachromosomal plasmid, which was sequenced to be a 7493-base pair plasmid. Because there is a smaller amount than 1% nucleotide sequence variation, ll plasmids from human C. trachomatis isolates are reflected to be very comparable. All the isolates "are about 7,500 nucleotides long and has eight open reading frames computer-predicted to code for proteins comprised of more than 100 amino acids, along with short non-coding sequences amongst some of them." [1]
[[File:Cellulochromosome.jpg|190px|thumb|left|Chromosome map]]
Stimulatingly, in their nucleotide sequence, chlamydial plasmids are extra closely related than is the matching chromosomal DNA. The plasmid of C. trachomatis is a likely target for DNA-based diagnosis of C. trachomatis simply because there are give or take 7-10 copies of the plasmid existing per chlamydial particle. Its sequence is exceedingly conserved among different isolates of C. trachomatis. Some C. trachomatis strains are absent in these plasmids, and the concerns aid in recognition of the C. trachomatis strain. Plaque purified C. trachomatis that do not comprise the plasmids have uncommon inclusion morphology, have no glycogen, and show no change in antibiotic sensitivity. Nevertheless, the fact that such strains are present displays that the plasmid is not a must for C. trachomatis survival [1].
<Br> <Br>
Genome sequencing of ''C. cellulovorans'' has been completed. ''C. Cellulovorans'' contains a circular chromosome with a length of 5,262,222 base pairs which is about 1 Mbp larger than the genomes from other cellulosomal clostridia. 31% of the genome is GC and 69% is AT. 57 cellulosomal genes were reported in ''C. cellulovorans''. ''C. cellulovorans'' contains large number of genes encoding non-cellulosomal enzymes which are more associated with polysaccharide (such as hemicelluloses and pectins) degradations other than cellulose. Scientists have found two novel genes encoding scaffolding proteins in ''C. cellulovorans'' genome. <Br> <Br> <Br> <Br> <Br><Br> <Br>


==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
The life phase of Chlamydia trachomatis comprises of two steps: elementary body and reticulate body. The elementary body is the spreading form, which is analogous to a spore. The spreading form is about 0.3 um in diameter and makes its own endocytosis upon contact to target cells. It is this form that averts phagolysosomal fusion, which then permits for intracellular survival of the bacteria. Once inside the endosome, the elementary body develops into the reticulate body as a result of the glycogen that is created. The reticulate body splits through binary fission at approximately 2-3 hours per generation. The cell body has a maturation period of 7-21 days in the host. It has no cell wall and is identified as an inclusion in the cell. After division, the reticulate body converts back to the elementary form and is released by the cell by exocytosis. One phagolysosome generally make bout 100-1000 elementary bodies [2].  
''C. cellulovorans'' do not reduce sulfate and are obligate anaerobes. Cells are 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.5 to 3.5 µm in size and are non-motile rods, though peritrichous flagella were detected under electron microscopy. Both spores and vegetative colonies of ''C. cellulovorans'' are irregular, containing opaque edges and hollow centers. Spores are oblong occuring either centrally or subterminally within the mature sporangium.  
For metabolism, Chlamydia trachomatis has a glycolytic pathway and a linked tricarboxylic acid cycle. Glycogen production and use of glucose derivatives plays a supportive role in chlamydial metabolism. The occurrence of metabloic precursors and products, such as pyruvate, succinate, glycerol-3-phosphate and NADH dehydrogenases, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase and cytochrome oxidase specify that Chlamydia trachomatis uses a form of electron transport in order to yield energy [2].
 
[[File:Final.jpg|border|thumbnail|500px|center|upright=0.75|''C. cellulovorans'' grown in cellulose (A) and in other medium (B)]]
 
''C. cellulovorans'' obtains energy through the fermentation of cellulose and other carbohydrates. Apart from cellulose, ''C. cellulovorans''  ferments various carbon sources, such as xylan, pectin, cellobiose, glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose and mannose and the fermentation products are hydrogen, carbon dioxide, acetate, butyrate, formate and lactate. When grown in cellulose, ''C. cellulovorans'' forms ultrastructural protuberances, which may be aggregation of smaller cellulosome complexes, also known as polycellulosomes. These protuberances were detected only in cellulose-grown cells and disappeared rapidly when other soluble carbohydrates were added to the growth medium. Cellulosomal components synergistically interact to catalyze the degradation of cellulose and hence, cellulosome acts as a macromolecular machine.   <Br>


==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogenic bacteria. It cannot stay alive outside of a eukaryotic host. In fact, humans are the only recognized usual host for C. trachomatis. The bacterium is transmitted by sexual contact with an infected individual.[3]
[[File:Cellulosome.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Cellulosome]]
Usually, C. trachomatis is asymptomatic in its hosts, but can produce discharge from the penis, pain and burning through urination, infection or inflammation in the ducts of testicles, and sensitivity or pain in the testicles. [3]
''C. cellulovorans'' has no reported demonstration of mutualism in its environment, however, it does exhibit synergistic enzymatic relations within the cellulosome. Cellulosomes are complexes of cellulytic enzymes created to fuel the cell. The components of the cellulosome include dockerins, cohesions, enzymatic subunits,  an anchoring protein, a carbohydrate binding domain and a scaffoldin subunit. Synergistic relations were discovered between cellulases (enzyme subunits), which affect cell wall degradation activity. Studies show individual cellulases liberate sugar at low rates but when xylanase is added to the cellulosome, rates increased dramatically. Synergistic relations between cellulosomal enzymes are important for studying effective degradation of organic plant life into usable fuel sources. Strong binding affinities of carbohydrate binding domains (CBD) in cellulosomes have also have provided important medical relevancy. The CBD can be used to bind cell signals for T cell activation which reduces the opportunity for graft-versus host disease in transplant patients. <Br><Br> ''Clostridium cellulovorans'' is non pathogenic to human beings.


==References==
==References==
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240319/ (1) Sleat, R., Mah, R. A. & Robinson, R. Isolation and Characterization of an Anaerobic, Cellulolytic Bacterium, Clostridium-Cellulovorans Sp-Nov. Appl Environ Microb 48, 88-93 (1984)].<Br>
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10049808 Bayer, E. A., Shimon, L. J. W., Shoham, Y. and Lamed, R. "Cellulosomes - Structure and Ultrastructure". ''Journal of Structural Biology''. 1998. Volume 124. p. 221-234.]<Br>
2 Himmel, M. E., Ruth, M. F. & Wyman, C. E. Cellulase for commodity products from cellulosic biomass. Curr Opin Biotech 10, 358-364 (1999).
 
3 Tamaru, Y. et al. Genome Sequence of the Cellulosome-Producing Mesophilic Organism Clostridium cellulovorans 743B. J Bacteriol 192, 901-902 (2010).
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10408097 Blair, B. G. and Anderson, K. L. "Regulation of Cellulose-Inducible Structures of ''Clostridium cellulovorans''. ''Canadian Journal of Microbiology''. 1999. Volume 45. p. 242-249.]<Br>
4 Tamaru, Y., Miyake, H., Kuroda, K., Ueda, M. & Doi, R. H. Comparative genomics of the mesophilic cellulosome-producing Clostridium cellulovorans and its application to biofuel production via consolidated bioprocessing. Environ Technol 31, 889-903 (2010).
 
5 Tamaru, Y. & Doi, P. H. Pectate lyase A, an enzymatic subunit of the Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosome. P Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 4125-4129 (2001).
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449322/ Himmel, M. E., Ruth, M. F. and Wyman, C. E. "Cellulase for Commodity Products from Cellulosic Biomass". ''Current Opinion in Biotechnology''. 1999. Volume 10. p. 358-364.]<Br>
6 Bayer, E. A., Shimon, L. J. W., Shoham, Y. & Lamed, R. Cellulosomes - Structure and ultrastructure. J Struct Biol 124, 221-234 (1998).
 
7 Doi, R. H. & Tamaru, Y. The Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosome: An enzyme complex with plant cell wall degrading activity. Chem Rec 1, 24-32 (2001).
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726447/ Maki, M., Leung, K. T., Qin, W. "The Prospects of Cellulase-Producing Bacteria for the Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass". ''International Journal of Biological Sciences''. 2009. Volume 5. p. 500-516.] <Br>
 
[http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/185/5/1518  Murashim, K., Kosugi, A. and Doi, R. H. "Synergistic Effects of Cellulosomal Xylanase and Cellulases from ''Clostridium cellulovorans'' on Plant Cell Wall Degradation". ''Journal of Bacteriology''. 2003. Volume 185. p. 1518-1524.] <Br>
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240319/ Sleat, R., Mah, R. A. and Robinson, R. "Isolation and Characterization of an Anaerobic, Cellulolytic Bacterium, ''Clostridium-cellulovorans'' Sp-Nov". ''Applied Environmental Microbiology''.1984. Volume 48. p. 88-93.]<Br>
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948806 Tamaru, Y. et al. "Genome Sequence of the Cellulosome-Producing Mesophilic Organism ''Clostridium cellulovorans'' 743B". 2010. ''Journal of Bacteriology''. 2010. Volume 192. p. 901-902.]<Br>


[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662379 Tamaru, Y., Miyake, H., Kuroda, K., Ueda, M. and Doi, R. H. "Comparative Genomics of the Mesophilic Cellulosome-Producing ''Clostridium cellulovorans'' and Its Application to Biofuel Production via Consolidated Bioprocessing". ''Environtal Technology''. 2010. Volume 31. p. 889-903.] <Br>


[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31190/ Tamaru, Y. and Doi, R. H. "Pectate lyase A, an enzymatic subunit of the ''Clostridium cellulovorans'' cellulosome". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA''.2001. Volume 98. p. 4125-4129.]<Br>


==Author==
==Author==

Latest revision as of 19:08, 24 April 2011

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Phylogenic tree

• Kingdom - Bacteria
• Phylum - Firmicutes
• Class - Clostridia
• Order - Clostridiales
• Family - Clostridiaceae
• Genus - Clostridium

Species

NCBI:Taxonomy,Genome

Clostridium cellulovorans

Other name: Clostridium cellulovorans strain 743B

Description and Significance

Cellulose


Originally isolated from a batch methanogenic fermentation of hybrid poplar wood, Clostridium cellulovorans(ATCC 35296) is rod shaped and non-motile. C. cellulovorans is an anaerobic, spore forming, gram-negative bacterium. C. cellulovorans is a mesophilic bacterium with optimum growth temperature of 37°C, though it can grow in a temperature range of 20 to 40°C. Optimum pH is 7.0, and the pH range of growth is 6.4 to 7.8. This organism produces extracellular enzyme complex known as cellulosomes which can degrade plant cell walls, notably cellulose. As most abundantly available potential source of fermentable sugars in the world are the cell walls in higher plants, utilization of such a vast resource for energy production would reduce the dependency on non-renewable fossil fuels. Hence, C. cellulovorans have potential industrial application for energy production.

Genome Structure

Chromosome map



Genome sequencing of C. cellulovorans has been completed. C. Cellulovorans contains a circular chromosome with a length of 5,262,222 base pairs which is about 1 Mbp larger than the genomes from other cellulosomal clostridia. 31% of the genome is GC and 69% is AT. 57 cellulosomal genes were reported in C. cellulovorans. C. cellulovorans contains large number of genes encoding non-cellulosomal enzymes which are more associated with polysaccharide (such as hemicelluloses and pectins) degradations other than cellulose. Scientists have found two novel genes encoding scaffolding proteins in C. cellulovorans genome.






Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

C. cellulovorans do not reduce sulfate and are obligate anaerobes. Cells are 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.5 to 3.5 µm in size and are non-motile rods, though peritrichous flagella were detected under electron microscopy. Both spores and vegetative colonies of C. cellulovorans are irregular, containing opaque edges and hollow centers. Spores are oblong occuring either centrally or subterminally within the mature sporangium.

C. cellulovorans grown in cellulose (A) and in other medium (B)

C. cellulovorans obtains energy through the fermentation of cellulose and other carbohydrates. Apart from cellulose, C. cellulovorans ferments various carbon sources, such as xylan, pectin, cellobiose, glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose and mannose and the fermentation products are hydrogen, carbon dioxide, acetate, butyrate, formate and lactate. When grown in cellulose, C. cellulovorans forms ultrastructural protuberances, which may be aggregation of smaller cellulosome complexes, also known as polycellulosomes. These protuberances were detected only in cellulose-grown cells and disappeared rapidly when other soluble carbohydrates were added to the growth medium. Cellulosomal components synergistically interact to catalyze the degradation of cellulose and hence, cellulosome acts as a macromolecular machine.

Ecology and Pathogenesis

Cellulosome

C. cellulovorans has no reported demonstration of mutualism in its environment, however, it does exhibit synergistic enzymatic relations within the cellulosome. Cellulosomes are complexes of cellulytic enzymes created to fuel the cell. The components of the cellulosome include dockerins, cohesions, enzymatic subunits, an anchoring protein, a carbohydrate binding domain and a scaffoldin subunit. Synergistic relations were discovered between cellulases (enzyme subunits), which affect cell wall degradation activity. Studies show individual cellulases liberate sugar at low rates but when xylanase is added to the cellulosome, rates increased dramatically. Synergistic relations between cellulosomal enzymes are important for studying effective degradation of organic plant life into usable fuel sources. Strong binding affinities of carbohydrate binding domains (CBD) in cellulosomes have also have provided important medical relevancy. The CBD can be used to bind cell signals for T cell activation which reduces the opportunity for graft-versus host disease in transplant patients.

Clostridium cellulovorans is non pathogenic to human beings.

References

Bayer, E. A., Shimon, L. J. W., Shoham, Y. and Lamed, R. "Cellulosomes - Structure and Ultrastructure". Journal of Structural Biology. 1998. Volume 124. p. 221-234.

Blair, B. G. and Anderson, K. L. "Regulation of Cellulose-Inducible Structures of Clostridium cellulovorans. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1999. Volume 45. p. 242-249.

Himmel, M. E., Ruth, M. F. and Wyman, C. E. "Cellulase for Commodity Products from Cellulosic Biomass". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 1999. Volume 10. p. 358-364.

Maki, M., Leung, K. T., Qin, W. "The Prospects of Cellulase-Producing Bacteria for the Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009. Volume 5. p. 500-516.

Murashim, K., Kosugi, A. and Doi, R. H. "Synergistic Effects of Cellulosomal Xylanase and Cellulases from Clostridium cellulovorans on Plant Cell Wall Degradation". Journal of Bacteriology. 2003. Volume 185. p. 1518-1524.

Sleat, R., Mah, R. A. and Robinson, R. "Isolation and Characterization of an Anaerobic, Cellulolytic Bacterium, Clostridium-cellulovorans Sp-Nov". Applied Environmental Microbiology.1984. Volume 48. p. 88-93.

Tamaru, Y. et al. "Genome Sequence of the Cellulosome-Producing Mesophilic Organism Clostridium cellulovorans 743B". 2010. Journal of Bacteriology. 2010. Volume 192. p. 901-902.

Tamaru, Y., Miyake, H., Kuroda, K., Ueda, M. and Doi, R. H. "Comparative Genomics of the Mesophilic Cellulosome-Producing Clostridium cellulovorans and Its Application to Biofuel Production via Consolidated Bioprocessing". Environtal Technology. 2010. Volume 31. p. 889-903.

Tamaru, Y. and Doi, R. H. "Pectate lyase A, an enzymatic subunit of the Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA.2001. Volume 98. p. 4125-4129.

Author

Page authored by Umesh Adhikari and Joe Araiz, student of Prof. Jay Lennon at Michigan State University.