Gut Microbiota and Autism: Difference between revisions

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==Development of Gut Microbiota and ASD==
==Development of Gut Microbiota and ASD==
[[Image:antiASD.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 3:</b> Antibodies from mothers of children with autism and mothers of neurotypical children reacted with rat prenatal (PN18) brain proteins on 15% SDS–PAGE. Mothers of autistic children and the children displayed patterns (A) or (B). Mothers of neurotypical children, neurotypical children, and siblings of autistic children displayed pattern (C). Photo credit: Zimmerman et al., https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159106002947?casa_token=4Of3Dg72tJkAAAAA:xYOYLuKkgkFaK7qXmq4kmazS3iXDrILtzAbjIYNzvxromDMpqUNFWWnBpnXxexqyA9Fuq_omS10#bib24.]]
[[Image:antiASD.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 3:</b> Antibodies from mothers of children with autism and mothers of neurotypical children reacted with rat prenatal (PN18) brain proteins on 15% SDS–PAGE. Mothers of autistic children and autistic children displayed patterns (A) or (B). Mothers of neurotypical children, neurotypical children, and siblings of autistic children displayed pattern (C). Photo credit: Zimmerman et al., https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159106002947?casa_token=4Of3Dg72tJkAAAAA:xYOYLuKkgkFaK7qXmq4kmazS3iXDrILtzAbjIYNzvxromDMpqUNFWWnBpnXxexqyA9Fuq_omS10#bib24.]]


Autism spectrum disorder has been observed to have both genetic and environmental factors to its development.<ref name=Hallmayer>Hallmayer J. Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Nov 1;68(11):1095.</ref> Environmental factors specifically affecting the composition and development of the gut microbiome may have an effect on the development of autism spectrum disorder. The most crucial environment in ASD development is the prenatal conditions within their mother’s womb. This is largely determined by maternal health. Several studies have found a significant connection between maternal obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM), and pregestational diabetes (PGDM) in increased risk of ASD.<ref name=Connolly>Connolly N, Anixt J, Manning P, Lin DP-I, Marsolo KA, Bowers K. Maternal metabolic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder—An analysis of electronic medical records and linked birth data. Autism Research. 2016;9(8):829–37.</ref><ref name=Jo>Jo H, Eckel SP, Chen J-C, Cockburn M, Martinez MP, Chow T, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus, prenatal air pollution exposure, and autism spectrum disorder. Environment International. 2019 Dec 1;133:105110.</ref><ref name=LiM>Li M, Fallin MD, Riley A, Landa R, Walker SO, Silverstein M, et al. The Association of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Apr 6];137(2). Available from: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/2/e20152206</ref> Having just one of these conditions during pregnancy is associated with a 1.5 to 2 times increased risk factor for ASD.  Whereas when obesity and GDM or obesity and PGDM were both present in mothers, ASD risk showed approximately 2 to 4 times increase.<ref name=Connolly/><ref name=LiM/>
Autism spectrum disorder has been observed to have both genetic and environmental factors to its development.<ref name=Hallmayer>Hallmayer J. Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Nov 1;68(11):1095.</ref> Environmental factors specifically affecting the composition and development of the gut microbiome may have an effect on the development of autism spectrum disorder. The most crucial environment in ASD development is the prenatal conditions within their mother’s womb. This is largely determined by maternal health. Several studies have found a significant connection between maternal obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM), and pregestational diabetes (PGDM) in increased risk of ASD.<ref name=Connolly>Connolly N, Anixt J, Manning P, Lin DP-I, Marsolo KA, Bowers K. Maternal metabolic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder—An analysis of electronic medical records and linked birth data. Autism Research. 2016;9(8):829–37.</ref><ref name=Jo>Jo H, Eckel SP, Chen J-C, Cockburn M, Martinez MP, Chow T, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus, prenatal air pollution exposure, and autism spectrum disorder. Environment International. 2019 Dec 1;133:105110.</ref><ref name=LiM>Li M, Fallin MD, Riley A, Landa R, Walker SO, Silverstein M, et al. The Association of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Apr 6];137(2). Available from: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/2/e20152206</ref> Having just one of these conditions during pregnancy is associated with a 1.5 to 2 times increased risk factor for ASD.  Whereas when obesity and GDM or obesity and PGDM were both present in mothers, ASD risk showed approximately 2 to 4 times increase.<ref name=Connolly/><ref name=LiM/>

Revision as of 21:38, 6 April 2021

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Introduction


By Bailey Fitzgerald

3000 words

Figure 1: Diagram of the gut-brain axis and its influence in autism spectrum disorder. Photo credit: Chidambaram et al., https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_21.

A healthy adult human intestine harbors billions of bacteria of over 1000 different species.[1][2] These bacteria play a large role in human health through digestion and aiding in immune system development.[2] However, these bacteria can also have a direct influence on their human host’s behavior. Gut microbes have the ability to bidirectionally communicate with the central nervous system and influence both emotional and cognitive centers of the brain.[3] This makes maintenance of the gut microbiome especially important in people with a variety of neurological conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological and developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction, repetitive patterns of behavior or activities, and restricted interests.[4] ASD can range in severity from very high-functioning (formerly known as Asperger’s syndrome) in which the individual is able to go about daily life with little to no assistance to low-functioning individuals that need assistance with basic care and needs or anywhere in between. It is also common to have other diseases and conditions along with autism spectrum disorder. These comorbidities can include sleep disorders, seizure disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic disorders, and hormonal dysfunction.[5]

Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as frequent abdominal pain, gaseousness, diarrhea, constipation or pain on stooling, are a very common comorbidity in ASD patients.[6][7] Studies have found that 23 to 70% of people with ASD suffer from gastrointestinal dysfunction, with the wide range attributed to variances in survey methods.[7] Additionally, the prevalence of more gastrointestinal symptoms was strongly correlated with the severity of autism in patients.[8] These gastrointestinal issues can be attributed to a disturbance to normal gut flora composition.[8] Although the cause of the abnormal gut microbiome in patients with ASD is not certain, researchers hypothesize that it could be due to atypical eating habits.[9] Thus, therapies targeting the gut microbiome could have potential in treating and managing autism spectrum disorders. Because the exact causes of ASD and the mechanisms behind the disorder are difficult to identify, there are very few effective therapies available.[10] This makes the potential of microbiome treatments for ASD ever more promising and hopeful for managing the disorder.

Section 1

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Development of Gut Microbiota and ASD

Figure 3: Antibodies from mothers of children with autism and mothers of neurotypical children reacted with rat prenatal (PN18) brain proteins on 15% SDS–PAGE. Mothers of autistic children and autistic children displayed patterns (A) or (B). Mothers of neurotypical children, neurotypical children, and siblings of autistic children displayed pattern (C). Photo credit: Zimmerman et al., https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159106002947?casa_token=4Of3Dg72tJkAAAAA:xYOYLuKkgkFaK7qXmq4kmazS3iXDrILtzAbjIYNzvxromDMpqUNFWWnBpnXxexqyA9Fuq_omS10#bib24.

Autism spectrum disorder has been observed to have both genetic and environmental factors to its development.[11] Environmental factors specifically affecting the composition and development of the gut microbiome may have an effect on the development of autism spectrum disorder. The most crucial environment in ASD development is the prenatal conditions within their mother’s womb. This is largely determined by maternal health. Several studies have found a significant connection between maternal obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM), and pregestational diabetes (PGDM) in increased risk of ASD.[12][13][14] Having just one of these conditions during pregnancy is associated with a 1.5 to 2 times increased risk factor for ASD. Whereas when obesity and GDM or obesity and PGDM were both present in mothers, ASD risk showed approximately 2 to 4 times increase.[12][14]

Section 3

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 4

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ Maukonen J, Saarela M. Human gut microbiota: does diet matter? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2015 Feb;74(1):23–36.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bull MJ, Plummer NT. Part 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2014 Dec;13(6):17–22.
  3. ↑ Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):203–9.
  4. ↑ American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  5. ↑ Bauman ML. Medical comorbidities in autism: Challenges to diagnosis and treatment. Neurotherapeutics. 2010 Jul;7(3):320–7.
  6. ↑ Li Q, Han Y, Dy ABC, Hagerman RJ. The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Mar 17];11. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2017.00120/full?fbclid=IwAR04gQH8jD4LVLXEJnl7MfXsCyDR7USEauiGGIc1BXJY48GTn2L5GQg-Hk0
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chaidez V, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Gastrointestinal Problems in Children with Autism, Developmental Delays or Typical Development. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014 May 1;44(5):1117–27.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Adams JB, Johansen LJ, Powell LD, Quig D, Rubin RA. Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism – comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterology. 2011 Mar 16;11(1):22.
  9. ↑ Mulle JG, Sharp WG, Cubells JF. The Gut Microbiome: A New Frontier in Autism Research. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013 Feb 1;15(2):1–9.
  10. ↑ Rossignol DA, Frye RE. A review of research trends in physiological abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: immune dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental toxicant exposures. Molecular Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;17(4):389–401.
  11. ↑ Hallmayer J. Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Nov 1;68(11):1095.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Connolly N, Anixt J, Manning P, Lin DP-I, Marsolo KA, Bowers K. Maternal metabolic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder—An analysis of electronic medical records and linked birth data. Autism Research. 2016;9(8):829–37.
  13. ↑ Jo H, Eckel SP, Chen J-C, Cockburn M, Martinez MP, Chow T, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus, prenatal air pollution exposure, and autism spectrum disorder. Environment International. 2019 Dec 1;133:105110.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Li M, Fallin MD, Riley A, Landa R, Walker SO, Silverstein M, et al. The Association of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Apr 6];137(2). Available from: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/2/e20152206



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2021, Kenyon College.

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