Infectious Disease in the Neolithic

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CT image of calcifications in chest suggesting Ranke complex and previous primary tuberculosis. Photo credit: Genome Biology.

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The Neolithic, a period between 10000 BCE and 2200 BCE in Europe, Asia, and Africa, is characterized by a shift from the general hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one revolving around permanent settlements and a newfound reliance on agriculture. The origins of infectious diseases like tuberculosis (caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) has often been attributed to the Neolithic, with increasing population densities, permanent settlements, and more frequent interactions with domesticated animals. Some recent genomic research suggests that the conditions of the Neolithic were merely catalysts for the spread of tuberculosis, while others argue that the common ancestor of modern tuberculosis-causing Mycobacterium was much younger. These data follow a similar trend as research on ancient Salmonella genomes, which point to the Neolithic Revolution as a major event in the emergence of human-adapted pathogens.

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Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024