Marivirga tractuosa: Difference between revisions

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===Higher order taxa===
===Higher order taxa===
[[Image:Marivarga_tractuosa.jpg|frame|right|150px|Picture of Marvirga <i>tractuosa</i>][[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111994/]]]]


Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodobacterales; Rhodobacteraceae
<p>Domain: Bacteria</p>
<p>Phylum: Bacteroidetes</p>
<p>Class: Sphingobacteria</p>
<p>Order: Sphingobacteriales</p>
<p>Family: Flammeovirgaceae</p>
<p>Genus: <I>Marivirga</I></p>


===Species===
===Species===
[[Image:Screen_shot_2012-04-26_at.png‎|frame|right|150px|This transmission electron microscope image shows the white inclusion bodies of Oceanibulbus indolifex [[http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/54/4/1177.full.pdf+html]]]]
''Marivirga tractuosa ''  Type strain: H-43


''Oceanibulbus indolifex''
==Description and significance==


==Description and significance==
<i>Marivirga tractuosa</i> a rod-shaped,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative gram-negative], pigmented, non-spore forming bacterium. It is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophile mesophile] with optimum growth temperatures from 28-32ºC. It is important because it is resistant to some antibiotics and it has an interesting motility. This microbe has a gliding motility, meaning that it moves by itself without the help of flagella or any external forces. The antibiotics it is resistant to include: gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, polymixin and streptomycin.
[[Image:Screen_shot_2012-04-26_at_AM.png|frame|right|150px|This light microscope image shows the swollen end, rod shaped cells of Oceanibulbus indolifex [[http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/54/4/1177.full.pdf+html]]]]
Oceanibulbus indolifex is a rod shaped, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative gram-negative] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria proteobacteria] that forms shiny, white colonies and is not known to be pathogenic to humans. The bacterium was referred to as HEL-45T before it was discovered to be a new species. The bacterium was discovered on September 23, 1998 on the North Sea at 54° 08’ N 7° 52’ E. The sample was taken 2 km from the island of Helgoland at a depth of 10 m. This bacterium is significant because it marks the discovery of a new aerobic species of bacterium that thrives well below the ocean surface.


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
Oceanibulbus indolifex contains one circular chromosome. The whole genome has not yet been sequence. The complete sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of Oceanibulbus indolifex has a 97.4% identical sequence to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfitobacter Sulfitobacter mediterraneus] and a 96.5% identical sequence to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staleya Staleya guttiformis]. Thus, no other closely related microbes are known, thus supporting the discovery of a new genus and species. Analysis of the genome for Oceanibulbus indolifex indicates 60% G+C content of the DNA.
Marivirga <i>tractousa</i> chromosome is 4,511,574 base pairs long, and the chromosomes are circular. They have a 4916 sequence length, and they have 4516490 nucleotides. It has 3757 protein genes and 49 RNA genes. Its DNA coding region is at 4,029,412 base pair, and its DNA G+C content is 1,604,111 base pairs. Its total number of genes is 3,857. It has 2 rRNA operons, and 51 Psuedo genes.


==Cell and colony structure==
==Cell and colony structure==
Oceanibulbus indolifex is a gram-negative bacterium with irregular rod shaped single cells. The rod cells have slightly swollen ends. The cells range in length from 3-5 μm and in width from 1.8-2.5 μm. Oceanibulbus indolifex forms white colored colonies with a characteristic shiny surface. The bacterium consists of white [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_body inclusion bodies] that are not gas vesicles. These storage granules stain black with Sudan Black stain suggesting they contain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxybutyrate poly-β-hydroxybutyrate], a common bacterial storage compound.
Marivirga <i>tractuosa</i> are long, slender, flexible rods 10-50 µm in length, 0.4-0.5 µm in width Colonies are circular, shiny and 2-4 mm in diameter after 72 hours of incubation on marine agar (which is a gelling agent from seaweed). They are usually dark-orange in color but whitish or yellow-pigmented are also sometimes present.


==Metabolism==
==Metabolism==
Oceanibulbus indolifex is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_aerobe obligate aerobe], non-fermentative bacterium that requires oxygen to grow. The bacterium is a heterotroph that utilizes D-glucose, pyruvate, DL- lactate, serine, ornithine, alanine, asparagine, L-aspartate, L-glutamate, L-proline, succinate, mannitol, adipate, malate, citrate and glycerol as its carbon source and external electron donor reductant sources. Oceanibulbus indolifex contains Q10 (uibiquinone 10) as its dominant respiratory [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinone quinone] in the electron transport chain to aid in ATP synthesis. Q10 is specific to members of Alphaproteobacteria class. Oceanibulbus indolifex does not hydrolyze gelatin, starch, urea, or aesculin. The bacterium tested slightly positive for the presence of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase cytochrome oxidase] a transmembrane protein complex in the electron transport chain that transfers electrons to oxygen and translocates four protons per electron to help create a gradient for ATP synthesis. Oceanibulbus indolifex does not reduce nitrate to nitrite. The bacterium produces indole, cyclic dipeptides, and thryptanthrin.
It is a strictly aerobic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoorganotroph chemoorganotroph], meaning it uses organic compounds as its energy and carbon source. Carbon sources come from glycerol, glucose, galactose, and sucrose. Growth is observed at 10-40ºC and with 0.5–10% NaCl, with optimal growth at 28-32ºC and 4-7% NaCl.


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Oceanibulbus indolifex has optimum growth from 25-30°C but can grow in a range all the way down to 8°C. The bacterium’s optimum growth occurs at a pH of 7 but it can tolerate a range from 7-9. The optimum salts concentration for growth is 3-5% and the halotolerance range is from 1-10%. Oceanibulbus indolifex does not grow in medium lacking salts or in medium containing only sodium chloride.
Marvirga <i>tractuosa</i> lives in a habitat that are mostly wet terrestrial habitats. They are also occasionally found in fresh water. Originally found on the beach sand from Nha Trang, Veitnam. Other strains have also been found in a variety of places: mud in the Orne Estuary, France and silty sand in Penang, Malaysia, as well as from brown mud from Muigh Inis, Ireland, underneath frozen sand in the upper littoral zone at Auke Bay, Alaska, red-brown mud from Helgoland Island, Germany, and from brown sand at Moreton Bay, Australia.


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
Oceanibulbus indolifex has no known pathogenic effects on humans. The bacterium does have genes coding for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamase β-lactamases] indicating resistance to β-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems. Oceanibulbus indolifex is susceptible to aminoglycosides, antibiotics derived from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces that interfere with bacterial ribosome function.
It is not reported to be pathogenic.


==References==
==References==
[[http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/54/4/1177.full.pdf+html]Wagner-Do ̈bler, I., Rheims, H., Felske, A., El-Ghezal, A., Flade-Schro ̈der, D., Laatsch, H., Lang, S., Pukall, R., Tindall, B., 2004. Oceanibulbus indolifex gen. nov., sp. nov., a North Sea alphaproteobacterium that produces bioactive metabolites. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02850-0]
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111994/]Pagani, I.; Chertkov, O., Lapidus, A., Lucas, S., Glavina Del Rio, T., Tice, H., Copeland, A., Cheng, J., Nolan, M., Saunders, E., Pitluck, S., Held, B., Goodwin, L., Liolios, K., Ovchinnikova, G., Ivanova, N., Mavromatis, K., Pati, A., Chen, A., Palaniappan, K., Land, M., Hauser, L., Jeffries, C., Detter, J., Han, C., Tapia, R., Ngatchou, O., Rohde, M., Göker, M., Spring, S., Sikorski, J., Woyke, T., Bristow, J., Eisen, J., Markowitz, V., Hugenholtz, P., Klenk, H., & Kyrpides, N. (2011). Complete genome sequence of Marivirga tractuosa type strain (H-43T). Standards In Genomic Sciences, 4(2). doi:10.4056/sigs.1623941]


[[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/9/265]Piekarski, T., Buchholz, I., Drepper, T., Schobert, M., Wagner-Doebler, I., Tielen, P., Dieter Jahn, D., 2009. Genetic tools for the investigation of Roseobacter clade bacteria. BioMedCentral Microbiology doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-265]
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21789597]Yoon, Jaewoo, Naoya Oku, Sanghwa Park, Atsuko Katsuta, and Hiroaki Kasai. (2011) "Tunicatimonas Pelagia Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a Novel Representative of the Family Flammeovirgaceae Isolated from a Sea Anemone by the Differential Growth Screening Method." Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 101.1:  133+, doi: 10.1007/s10482-011-9626-6]


[[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011604]Tang, K., Huang, H., Jiao, N., Wu, C., 2010. Phylogenomic Analysis of Marine Roseobacters. PLoS ONE 5(7): e11604. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011604]
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19767357]Nedashkovskaya, O. I., M. Vancanneyt, S. B. Kim, and K. S. Bae. "Reclassification of Flexibacter Tractuosus (Lewin 1969) Leadbetter 1974 and 'Microscilla Sericea' Lewin 1969 in the Genus Marivirga Gen. Nov. as Marivirga Tractuosa Comb. Nov. and Marivirga Sericea Nom. Rev., Comb. Nov." International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology 60.8 (2010): 1858-863. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.016121-0]


[[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/ob/b909133e/unauth]Thiel, V., Brinkhoff, T., Dickschat, J., Wickel, S., Grunenberg, J., Simonb, M., Schulz, S., 2009. Identification and biosynthesis of tropone derivatives and sulfur volatiles produced by bacteria of the marine Roseobacter clade. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry DOI: 10.1039/B909133E]




Edited by Ariel Kaplan of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio
Edited by Edited by Emily Corthell a student of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, [http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio]

Latest revision as of 03:05, 7 May 2012

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Marivirga tractuosa

Classification

Higher order taxa

Picture of Marvirga tractuosa][[1]]

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Bacteroidetes

Class: Sphingobacteria

Order: Sphingobacteriales

Family: Flammeovirgaceae

Genus: Marivirga

Species

Marivirga tractuosa Type strain: H-43

Description and significance

Marivirga tractuosa a rod-shaped,gram-negative, pigmented, non-spore forming bacterium. It is a mesophile with optimum growth temperatures from 28-32ºC. It is important because it is resistant to some antibiotics and it has an interesting motility. This microbe has a gliding motility, meaning that it moves by itself without the help of flagella or any external forces. The antibiotics it is resistant to include: gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, polymixin and streptomycin.

Genome structure

Marivirga tractousa chromosome is 4,511,574 base pairs long, and the chromosomes are circular. They have a 4916 sequence length, and they have 4516490 nucleotides. It has 3757 protein genes and 49 RNA genes. Its DNA coding region is at 4,029,412 base pair, and its DNA G+C content is 1,604,111 base pairs. Its total number of genes is 3,857. It has 2 rRNA operons, and 51 Psuedo genes.

Cell and colony structure

Marivirga tractuosa are long, slender, flexible rods 10-50 µm in length, 0.4-0.5 µm in width Colonies are circular, shiny and 2-4 mm in diameter after 72 hours of incubation on marine agar (which is a gelling agent from seaweed). They are usually dark-orange in color but whitish or yellow-pigmented are also sometimes present.

Metabolism

It is a strictly aerobic chemoorganotroph, meaning it uses organic compounds as its energy and carbon source. Carbon sources come from glycerol, glucose, galactose, and sucrose. Growth is observed at 10-40ºC and with 0.5–10% NaCl, with optimal growth at 28-32ºC and 4-7% NaCl.

Ecology

Marvirga tractuosa lives in a habitat that are mostly wet terrestrial habitats. They are also occasionally found in fresh water. Originally found on the beach sand from Nha Trang, Veitnam. Other strains have also been found in a variety of places: mud in the Orne Estuary, France and silty sand in Penang, Malaysia, as well as from brown mud from Muigh Inis, Ireland, underneath frozen sand in the upper littoral zone at Auke Bay, Alaska, red-brown mud from Helgoland Island, Germany, and from brown sand at Moreton Bay, Australia.

Pathology

It is not reported to be pathogenic.

References

[[2]Pagani, I.; Chertkov, O., Lapidus, A., Lucas, S., Glavina Del Rio, T., Tice, H., Copeland, A., Cheng, J., Nolan, M., Saunders, E., Pitluck, S., Held, B., Goodwin, L., Liolios, K., Ovchinnikova, G., Ivanova, N., Mavromatis, K., Pati, A., Chen, A., Palaniappan, K., Land, M., Hauser, L., Jeffries, C., Detter, J., Han, C., Tapia, R., Ngatchou, O., Rohde, M., Göker, M., Spring, S., Sikorski, J., Woyke, T., Bristow, J., Eisen, J., Markowitz, V., Hugenholtz, P., Klenk, H., & Kyrpides, N. (2011). Complete genome sequence of Marivirga tractuosa type strain (H-43T). Standards In Genomic Sciences, 4(2). doi:10.4056/sigs.1623941]

[[3]Yoon, Jaewoo, Naoya Oku, Sanghwa Park, Atsuko Katsuta, and Hiroaki Kasai. (2011) "Tunicatimonas Pelagia Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a Novel Representative of the Family Flammeovirgaceae Isolated from a Sea Anemone by the Differential Growth Screening Method." Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 101.1: 133+, doi: 10.1007/s10482-011-9626-6]

[[4]Nedashkovskaya, O. I., M. Vancanneyt, S. B. Kim, and K. S. Bae. "Reclassification of Flexibacter Tractuosus (Lewin 1969) Leadbetter 1974 and 'Microscilla Sericea' Lewin 1969 in the Genus Marivirga Gen. Nov. as Marivirga Tractuosa Comb. Nov. and Marivirga Sericea Nom. Rev., Comb. Nov." International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology 60.8 (2010): 1858-863. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.016121-0]


Edited by Edited by Emily Corthell a student of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, [5]