Methanococcus vannielii: Difference between revisions

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==Classification==


==Classification==
Superkingdom: Archaea
 
Phylum: Euryarchaeota
 
Class: Methanococci
 
Order: Methanococcales
 
Family: Methanocaldococcaceae
 
Genus: Methanocaldococcus (syn: Methanococcus)


Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used.  Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]


===Species===
===Species===
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''Genus species''
''Genus species''– Methanococcus vannielii


==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.


Methanococcus vannielii is a motile, coccus-shaped anaerobic microbe.  Like some other Methanococcales, which are typically thermophiles, it is a mesophile, meaning it grows at an optimal temperature of 20 – 40 ºC (5).  The name vannielii is Latin, meaning “from Niel”.  This organism is aquatic and was originally isolated from a mud flat in San Francisco, California.  
Methanococcus vannielii is a motile, coccus-shaped anaerobic microbe.  Like some other Methanococcales, which are typically thermophiles, it is a mesophile, meaning it grows at an optimal temperature of 20 – 40 ºC (5).  The name vannielii is Latin, meaning “from Niel”.  This organism is aquatic and was originally isolated from a mud flat in San Francisco, California.  


This microbe has significance in natural biogeochemical cycles of marine and wetland environments.  Understanding these cycles and the role Archaea play can further our understanding of climate change.  Methanogenesis also has implications as source of renewable bioenergy in engineered anaerobic digestion reactors.  Further studies could indicate if Methanococcus vannielii is a competitive and efficient microbe for producing bioenergy.  
This microbe has significance in natural biogeochemical cycles of marine and wetland environments.  Understanding these cycles and the role Archaea play can further our understanding of climate change.  Methanogenesis also has implications as source of renewable bioenergy in engineered anaerobic digestion reactors.  Further studies could indicate if Methanococcus vannielii is a competitive and efficient microbe for producing bioenergy.
 


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?


Funding for sequencing was provided by the US Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI).  Sequencing was completed in December, 2009. Methanococcus vannielii contains 1,701 protein-coding genes (less than M. maripaludis with 1,722 (2)).  The total number of M. vannielii DNA bases is 1,720,048 (5).  Only four out of the 13 rRNA genes contribute to 16S rRNA sequencing. One gene, responsible for the selenium binding protein, is unique to this organisms and has not been recorded in the gene bank. This protein is important for metabolism and growth by reducing harmful levels of selenium in the organism’s surroundings (6). Promotor regions in M. vannielii are found to contain TATA boxes homologous to those found in eukaryotes performing transcription(7). Methanococcus maripaludis was the first methanogenic species to be sequenced and can be used to compare and analyze the metabolism of other species of Archaea like M. vannielii.
Funding for sequencing was provided by the US Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI).  Sequencing was completed in December, 2009. Methanococcus vannielii contains 1,701 protein-coding genes (less than M. maripaludis with 1,722 (2)).  The total number of M. vannielii DNA bases is 1,720,048 (5).  Only four out of the 13 rRNA genes contribute to 16S rRNA sequencing. One gene, responsible for the selenium binding protein, is unique to this organisms and has not been recorded in the gene bank. This protein is important for metabolism and growth by reducing harmful levels of selenium in the organism’s surroundings (6). Promotor regions in M. vannielii are found to contain TATA boxes homologous to those found in eukaryotes performing transcription(7). Methanococcus maripaludis was the first methanogenic species to be sequenced and can be used to compare and analyze the metabolism of other species of Archaea like M. vannielii.
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==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.


Methanococcus vannielii is a free-living, gram-negative, coccus-shaped Archaea.  It is nonsporulating and motile, using clusters of flagella, with cells arranged in a singular structure. The outer surface of the membrane is shown to contain several glycoprotein like structures similar to those found on halobacteria. These glycoproteins are typically used to maintain a definitive shape in the bacteria’s membrane. However, the membrane of M. vannielii is unable to maintain a rigid shape, does not require an osmotic gradient to maintain structure and ruptures readily upon centrifugation (4).  
Methanococcus vannielii is a free-living, gram-negative, coccus-shaped Archaea.  It is nonsporulating and motile, using clusters of flagella, with cells arranged in a singular structure. The outer surface of the membrane is shown to contain several glycoprotein like structures similar to those found on halobacteria. These glycoproteins are typically used to maintain a definitive shape in the bacteria’s membrane. However, the membrane of M. vannielii is unable to maintain a rigid shape, does not require an osmotic gradient to maintain structure and ruptures readily upon centrifugation (4).  


As an anaerobe, M. vannielii functions in anoxic environments.  Methane-producing archaeon like Methanococcus vannielii are lithotrophic. “Methanogens are obligate anaerobes that can carry out the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane using molecular hydrogen as the reductant” (1).  In addition to using formate as their main source of energy, M. vannielii metabolizes purines, especially guanines. In the presence of excess purines, M. vannielii degrades guanine to form formiminoglycine which can enter methanogenesis, by-passing the initial energy expensive step of reducing CO2 (3).
As an anaerobe, M. vannielii functions in anoxic environments.  Methane-producing archaeon like Methanococcus vannielii are lithotrophic. “Methanogens are obligate anaerobes that can carry out the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane using molecular hydrogen as the reductant” (1).  In addition to using formate as their main source of energy, M. vannielii metabolizes purines, especially guanines. In the presence of excess purines, M. vannielii degrades guanine to form formiminoglycine which can enter methanogenesis, by-passing the initial energy expensive step of reducing CO2 (3).
[[File:Metabolismbr.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Guanine metabolism]]]


==Ecology and Pathogenesis==


==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
M. vannielii inhabits anaerobic marine and mud environments.  These environments have saturated soils with periodic flooding and varying depths.  Organic matter accumulates from vegetation detris.  In the San Francisco bay area marine mudflats have rapidly decreased in area due to urban and commercial development.  Mudflat area in the bay reduced from 10% total aquatic area to 5.8% in 150 years (8).    
Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.<br>
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br>


It inhabits anaerobic marine and mud environments.  The isolation project was located at Longitude -122.31075 and Latitude 37.69097 (5).  Some Methanococcus species can be found in extreme habitats such as thermal vents, or very salty marsh sediment.  
The isolation project was located at Longitude -122.31075 and Latitude 37.69097 (5).  Some Methanococcus species can be found in extreme habitats such as thermal vents, or very salty marsh sediment.  


There are no known pathogens among Methanococcus vannielii.
There are no known pathogens among Methanococcus vannielii.
[[File:Barf.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Image Citation: San Francisco Emeryville mudflats. The Bay Institute. www.bay.org]]]
==References==
(1) Dawes, Edwin. Microbial Energetics. New York: Blackie. 1986
(2) De Leon, Allen. 2007. Methanococcus maripaludis. Microbewiki. Kenyon University.
(3) DeMoil, E. "Purine metabolism in Methanococcus vannielii.." Journal of Bacteriology 175.18 (1993): 5754-5761. Web. 25 Apr 2010.
(4) Jones, Jay. "Methanococcus vannielii: Ultrastructure and Sensitivity to Detergents and Antibiotics." Journal of Bacteriology 130.3 (1977): 1357-1363. Web. 25 Apr 2010.


(5) Methanococcus vannielii. December 2009. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute.  The Regents of the University of California.


==References==
(6) Patteson, Kimberly. "Methanococcus vannielii selenium-binding protein (SeBP): Chemical reactivity of recombinant SeBP produced in Escherichia coli." Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 102.34 (2005): 29-34. Web. 27 Apr 2010.
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]


(1) Dawes, Edwin. Microbial Energetics. New York: Blackie. 1986
(7) Thomm, Michael. "An archaebacterial promoter element for stable RNA genes with homology to the TATA box of higher eukaryotes ." Oxford Journal 16.1 (1988): 151-163. Web. 27 Apr 2010.
(2) De Leon, Allen. 2007. Methanococcus maripaludis. Microbewiki. Kenyon University.
(3) DeMoil, E. "Purine metabolism in Methanococcus vannielii.." Journal of Bacteriology 175.18 (1993): 5754-5761. Web. 25 Apr 2010.
(4) Jones, Jay. "Methanococcus vannielii: Ultrastructure and Sensitivity to Detergents and Antibiotics." Journal of Bacteriology 130.3 (1977): 1357-1363. Web. 25 Apr 2010.
(5) Methanococcus vannielii. December 2009. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute.  The Regents of the University of California.
(6) Patteson, Kimberly. "Methanococcus vannielii selenium-binding protein (SeBP): Chemical reactivity of recombinant SeBP produced in Escherichia coli." Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 102.34 (2005): 29-34. Web. 27 Apr 2010.
(7) Thomm, Michael. "An archaebacterial promoter element for stable RNA genes with homology to the TATA box of higher eukaryotes ." Oxford Journal 16.1 (1988): 151-163. Web. 27 Apr 2010.


(8) The Bay Institute. 1997. www.bay.org


==Author==
==Author==

Latest revision as of 18:59, 25 August 2010

This student page has not been curated.
Image Citation:

Classification

Superkingdom: Archaea

Phylum: Euryarchaeota

Class: Methanococci

Order: Methanococcales

Family: Methanocaldococcaceae

Genus: Methanocaldococcus (syn: Methanococcus)


Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Genus species– Methanococcus vannielii

Description and Significance

Methanococcus vannielii is a motile, coccus-shaped anaerobic microbe. Like some other Methanococcales, which are typically thermophiles, it is a mesophile, meaning it grows at an optimal temperature of 20 – 40 ºC (5). The name vannielii is Latin, meaning “from Niel”. This organism is aquatic and was originally isolated from a mud flat in San Francisco, California.

This microbe has significance in natural biogeochemical cycles of marine and wetland environments. Understanding these cycles and the role Archaea play can further our understanding of climate change. Methanogenesis also has implications as source of renewable bioenergy in engineered anaerobic digestion reactors. Further studies could indicate if Methanococcus vannielii is a competitive and efficient microbe for producing bioenergy.

Genome Structure

Funding for sequencing was provided by the US Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI). Sequencing was completed in December, 2009. Methanococcus vannielii contains 1,701 protein-coding genes (less than M. maripaludis with 1,722 (2)). The total number of M. vannielii DNA bases is 1,720,048 (5). Only four out of the 13 rRNA genes contribute to 16S rRNA sequencing. One gene, responsible for the selenium binding protein, is unique to this organisms and has not been recorded in the gene bank. This protein is important for metabolism and growth by reducing harmful levels of selenium in the organism’s surroundings (6). Promotor regions in M. vannielii are found to contain TATA boxes homologous to those found in eukaryotes performing transcription(7). Methanococcus maripaludis was the first methanogenic species to be sequenced and can be used to compare and analyze the metabolism of other species of Archaea like M. vannielii.


Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Methanococcus vannielii is a free-living, gram-negative, coccus-shaped Archaea. It is nonsporulating and motile, using clusters of flagella, with cells arranged in a singular structure. The outer surface of the membrane is shown to contain several glycoprotein like structures similar to those found on halobacteria. These glycoproteins are typically used to maintain a definitive shape in the bacteria’s membrane. However, the membrane of M. vannielii is unable to maintain a rigid shape, does not require an osmotic gradient to maintain structure and ruptures readily upon centrifugation (4).

As an anaerobe, M. vannielii functions in anoxic environments. Methane-producing archaeon like Methanococcus vannielii are lithotrophic. “Methanogens are obligate anaerobes that can carry out the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane using molecular hydrogen as the reductant” (1). In addition to using formate as their main source of energy, M. vannielii metabolizes purines, especially guanines. In the presence of excess purines, M. vannielii degrades guanine to form formiminoglycine which can enter methanogenesis, by-passing the initial energy expensive step of reducing CO2 (3).

Guanine metabolism

]

Ecology and Pathogenesis

M. vannielii inhabits anaerobic marine and mud environments. These environments have saturated soils with periodic flooding and varying depths. Organic matter accumulates from vegetation detris. In the San Francisco bay area marine mudflats have rapidly decreased in area due to urban and commercial development. Mudflat area in the bay reduced from 10% total aquatic area to 5.8% in 150 years (8).

The isolation project was located at Longitude -122.31075 and Latitude 37.69097 (5). Some Methanococcus species can be found in extreme habitats such as thermal vents, or very salty marsh sediment.

There are no known pathogens among Methanococcus vannielii.

Image Citation: San Francisco Emeryville mudflats. The Bay Institute. www.bay.org

]

References

(1) Dawes, Edwin. Microbial Energetics. New York: Blackie. 1986

(2) De Leon, Allen. 2007. Methanococcus maripaludis. Microbewiki. Kenyon University.

(3) DeMoil, E. "Purine metabolism in Methanococcus vannielii.." Journal of Bacteriology 175.18 (1993): 5754-5761. Web. 25 Apr 2010.

(4) Jones, Jay. "Methanococcus vannielii: Ultrastructure and Sensitivity to Detergents and Antibiotics." Journal of Bacteriology 130.3 (1977): 1357-1363. Web. 25 Apr 2010.

(5) Methanococcus vannielii. December 2009. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute. The Regents of the University of California.

(6) Patteson, Kimberly. "Methanococcus vannielii selenium-binding protein (SeBP): Chemical reactivity of recombinant SeBP produced in Escherichia coli." Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 102.34 (2005): 29-34. Web. 27 Apr 2010.

(7) Thomm, Michael. "An archaebacterial promoter element for stable RNA genes with homology to the TATA box of higher eukaryotes ." Oxford Journal 16.1 (1988): 151-163. Web. 27 Apr 2010.

(8) The Bay Institute. 1997. www.bay.org

Author

Page authored by Patrick Triscari and Brittany VanRaaphorst, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Michigan State University.

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