Metschnikowia bicuspidata

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Introduction

An infected Daphnia dentifera (left) and an uninfected Daphnia dentifera (upper right). Embryos are clearly visible in the brood pouch on the uninfected animal's back. Photo by Meghan Duffy.

Metschnikowia is a genus in the Kingdom Fungi (Naumov, 2011). Metschnikowia are single-celled (i.e., yeast) parasites of freshwater zooplankton of the genus Daphnia (ibid.).

Description and Significance

The organism exists as single-celled needle-shaped spores (Naumov, 2011). M. bicuspidata uses energy from the host Daphnia to produce tens of thousands of identical haploid spores. These increase in number until the Daphnia is killed and its carapace ruptures, introducing tens of thousands of new spores into the water column.

Classification

Eukaryota, Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota, Saccharomycotina, Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetales, Metschnikowiaceae, Metschnikowia (European Nucleotide Archive, accessed 21 April 2015)

There are three varieties in the species: M. bicuspidata var. bicuspidata, var. californica, and var. chathamia (Naumov, 2011).

Genome Structure

size and content of the genome. number chromosomes, Circular or linear, Other interesting features. What is known about its sequence?

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.

M. bicuspidata gets its energy by parasitising the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia (Hall et al., 2009). The sharp needle-shaped cells suggest a puncture mechanism of entering the Daphnia body.

The vegetative cells are spherical and haploid (Naumov, 2011). Haploid vegetative cells may fuse to form a dikaryotic cell (one cell with two distinct nuclei) (Naumov, 2011). This cell may then undergo karyogamy to become a single diploid cell (ibid.). The diploid cell may then undergo meiotic haploidization to yield asci containing ascospores, each of which may be one of a variety of mating types (Naumov, 2011). Alternatively, the diploid cell may undergo mitotic haploidization and yield several haploid vegetative cells (ibid.). The haploid ascospores are the virulent form of M. bicuspidata (Naumov, 2011).

M. bicuspidata can survive at temperatures of 9-27 degrees C, salinity of 270 ppt, and NaCl concentrations of 0-180 ppt (Moore and Strom, 2003). (For comparison, sea water salinity is approximately 35 ppt).

Ecology and Pathogenesis

From left, an infected Daphnia dentifera, an uninfected D. dentifera, and an infected D. dentifera. Photo by A. J. Tessier. On right, a scanning electron microscopy image showing M. bicuspidata spores as they appear under the ruptured carapace of an infected zooplankter. Photo by Carol Flegler. (Hall et al., 2006).

Exposure of host Daphnia to parasitic M. bicuspidata occurs during feeding. Daphnia eat algae in the water column and feed indiscriminately on whatever floating particles fit into their mouths. During feeding, M. bicuspidata spores enter the Daphnia mouth, travel along the gut, and puncture the gut wall. Infection occurs when a spore punctures the wall, enters the hemolymph, and begin reproducing (Ebert et al., 2000).
M. bicuspidata kills the host D. magna in 7-25 days (average = 17.5 days); a healthy D. magna typically lives 40-80 days (Ebert et al., 2000).

Virulence depends on the quality of food eaten by the Daphnia (Hall et al., 2009). Daphnia die more quickly from infection when they are fed more, better quality food than when they are fed very little or low-quality food (Hall et al., 2009).

Susceptibility to infection varies across host genotypes ( ). Infected D. magna exhibit reduced fecundity (Ebert et al., 2000). Upon death due to infection, Daphnia may yield 10,000 to 70,000 spores per individual (Penczykowski et al., 2014).

M. bicuspidata uses energy from the Daphnia body to reproduce (Hall et al., 2009).

Transmission is horizontal, meaning infection occurs within a host generation and is not transmitted from parent to offspring (Ebert et al., 2000).

Use in Biological Research

Daphnia and M. bicuspidata are used in ecology and evolutionary biology to study ecological phenomena in aquatic ecosystems. M. bicuspidata is used to study host-parasite dynamics and the effects of parasitism on host community evolution.

Notes

M. bicuspidata has been found to infect non-Daphnia animals, including several small crustaceans and salmon (Moore and Strom, 2003). Salmon that were fed Artemia brine shrimp experienced increased mortality due to fungal infections of M. bicuspidata (Moore and Strom, 2003).

References

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/Taxon:Metschnikowia%20bicuspidata%20var.%20bicuspidata%20NRRL%20YB-4993 European Nucleotide Archive. Metschnikowia bicuspidata var. bicuspidata NRRL YB-4993. accessed 21 April 2015.

Ebert, D., Lipsitch, M., Mangin, K. L. "The Effect of Parasites on Host Population Density and Extinction: Experimental Epidemiology with Daphnia and Six Microparasites." The American Naturalist. 2000. Volume 156(5). pp. 459-477.

Hall, S. R., Simonis, J. L., Nisbet, R. M., Tessier, A. J., Cáceres, C. E. "Resource Ecology of Virulence in a Planktonic Host‐Parasite System: An Explanation Using Dynamic Energy Budgets." The American Naturalist. 2009. Volume 174(2). pp. 149-162.

Moore, M., and Strom, M. "Infection and mortality by the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata var. bicuspidata in chinook salmon fed live adult brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana)." Aquaculture. 2003. Volume 220(1-4). pp. 43-57.

Naumov, G. I. "Molecular and genetic differentiation of small-spored species of the yeast genus Metschnikowia Kamienski." Microbiology. 2011. Volume 80(2). pp. 135-142.

Penczykowski, R. M., Lemanski, B. C. P., Sieg, R. D., Hall, S. R., Ochs, J. H., Kubanek, J., Duffy, M. A. "Poor resource quality lowers transmission potential by changing foraging behavior." Functional Ecology. 2014. Volume 28. pp. 1245-1255.

Author

Page authored by Katie Griebel and Jacob Gelarden, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Indiana University.