Mycobacteriosis (Fish Tuberculosis): Difference between revisions
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<br>Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br> | <br>Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br> | ||
== | ==Human Pathogenicity== | ||
<br> | <br>M. fortuitum, M. chelonae and M. marinum, among others, are known to be zootonic and are therefore the subject of most studies for both health and economic reasons. The zootonic strains are conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria, or CPM. M. marinum has proved to be the most prevalent cause of disease transfer. It is the primary pathogenic mycobacteria and earlier studies only mention M. fotuitum and M. chelonae as present in affected humans as opposed to the causative agent. Effects on the human population usually result in hand lesions from handling infected fish. The infection tends to stay at the extremities of the human body because of the cooler temperatures they provide as opposed to the internal temperatures. Fortunately, even though the bacterium prove fatal to fish, it usually only results in a cutaneous infection for humans. | ||
These infections, however, can be chronic. Lesions tend to be noticed two to four weeks after exposure to the mycobacterium. They may be completely painless, irritating, or give discomfort. The lesions swell and develop into ulcerations, often leading to granuloma. In some instances, infection spreading to the lymphatics lead to a sporotrichoid pattern of infection. Some long-term effects of lesions are tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and a compromised immune system. The skin, kidney, and liver are the main body parts affected in both fish and humans. Fish tuberculosis is especially characterized by causing granulomatous in its host organism. When a granuloma is formed, the mycobacteria form epithelioid layers as they pack together. The nodules of each granuloma is usually covered by a thin capsule. The presence of mycobacteria is prolific; The pathogens can be found within cells and spread throughout the tissues of infected organs. When growing within eukaryotic cells, the replication of the bacteria, though slower than many pathogens, eventually reaches critical levels that kill the cells before lysing the membranes It appears that mycobacteria cells, both CPM cells and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, can be internalized by macrophages and epithelial cells readily, though mycobacteria has been found in several other cell types. Interestingly, pathogenic cells can be internalized by and survive and reproduce in HeLa cells, which is not normally the case for non-pathogenic cells | |||
The fish pathogen M. fortuitum has also been associated with masses found in cows and sheep, abscesses in dogs, granulomas in cats, and “spinning disease” (a neurological disorder) in mice, but the relation between these ailments is still unclear. M. fortuitum is particularly potent if the host organism already has an open would and is known to easily infect these wounds. | |||
Pathogenic strains of different mycobacteria, though associated with different animals, have been known to infect a range of animals. In studying the pathogenicity of certain strains, the control mycobacteria used also ended up affecting the host organism. Usually, the newly pathogenic strain of mycobacteria is not as potent as the strain previously known to affect the particular host, but these experience describe the range with which mycobacterium can survive. Talaat et al. demonstrated that an environmental mycobacterium, M. smegmatis, (normally found in soil environments and found as the source of an infection in many wounds of several species of animals) caused more massive granulomatous in goldfish (Carassius auratus) than the known fish pathogen M. fortuitum. | |||
One factor that has led to a greater portion of the human population is the survival of CPM outside of the host (the fish). The CPM can be found in the water, on other organisms, on plant matter, and on abiotic substances. The location or environment of the mycobacteria does not play as much of a role in the survival of any of the species as much as the temperature. CPM grow ideally above 18-20 ̊C, but also survive below these temperatures for months. Environmental infestations have proved to cause many of the cases of disease transfer to humans. The disease can be transferred by the touching or ingesting of any infected object or organism. The mycobacteria have even been found on clinically healthy fish at low concentrations, but it is unclear whether this concentration has the ability to infect humans or not. | |||
The concern with the range of substances mycobacteria inhabit has to do with the fact that water used for drinking and facilities have been contaminated in the past with infectious species.<br> | |||
==Section 3== | ==Section 3== | ||
Revision as of 01:05, 26 April 2011
Introduction
By Sally Moseley
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Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
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Introduce the topic of your paper. What microorganisms are of interest? Habitat? Applications for medicine and/or environment?
Section 1
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Human Pathogenicity
M. fortuitum, M. chelonae and M. marinum, among others, are known to be zootonic and are therefore the subject of most studies for both health and economic reasons. The zootonic strains are conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria, or CPM. M. marinum has proved to be the most prevalent cause of disease transfer. It is the primary pathogenic mycobacteria and earlier studies only mention M. fotuitum and M. chelonae as present in affected humans as opposed to the causative agent. Effects on the human population usually result in hand lesions from handling infected fish. The infection tends to stay at the extremities of the human body because of the cooler temperatures they provide as opposed to the internal temperatures. Fortunately, even though the bacterium prove fatal to fish, it usually only results in a cutaneous infection for humans.
These infections, however, can be chronic. Lesions tend to be noticed two to four weeks after exposure to the mycobacterium. They may be completely painless, irritating, or give discomfort. The lesions swell and develop into ulcerations, often leading to granuloma. In some instances, infection spreading to the lymphatics lead to a sporotrichoid pattern of infection. Some long-term effects of lesions are tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and a compromised immune system. The skin, kidney, and liver are the main body parts affected in both fish and humans. Fish tuberculosis is especially characterized by causing granulomatous in its host organism. When a granuloma is formed, the mycobacteria form epithelioid layers as they pack together. The nodules of each granuloma is usually covered by a thin capsule. The presence of mycobacteria is prolific; The pathogens can be found within cells and spread throughout the tissues of infected organs. When growing within eukaryotic cells, the replication of the bacteria, though slower than many pathogens, eventually reaches critical levels that kill the cells before lysing the membranes It appears that mycobacteria cells, both CPM cells and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, can be internalized by macrophages and epithelial cells readily, though mycobacteria has been found in several other cell types. Interestingly, pathogenic cells can be internalized by and survive and reproduce in HeLa cells, which is not normally the case for non-pathogenic cells
The fish pathogen M. fortuitum has also been associated with masses found in cows and sheep, abscesses in dogs, granulomas in cats, and “spinning disease” (a neurological disorder) in mice, but the relation between these ailments is still unclear. M. fortuitum is particularly potent if the host organism already has an open would and is known to easily infect these wounds.
Pathogenic strains of different mycobacteria, though associated with different animals, have been known to infect a range of animals. In studying the pathogenicity of certain strains, the control mycobacteria used also ended up affecting the host organism. Usually, the newly pathogenic strain of mycobacteria is not as potent as the strain previously known to affect the particular host, but these experience describe the range with which mycobacterium can survive. Talaat et al. demonstrated that an environmental mycobacterium, M. smegmatis, (normally found in soil environments and found as the source of an infection in many wounds of several species of animals) caused more massive granulomatous in goldfish (Carassius auratus) than the known fish pathogen M. fortuitum.
One factor that has led to a greater portion of the human population is the survival of CPM outside of the host (the fish). The CPM can be found in the water, on other organisms, on plant matter, and on abiotic substances. The location or environment of the mycobacteria does not play as much of a role in the survival of any of the species as much as the temperature. CPM grow ideally above 18-20 ̊C, but also survive below these temperatures for months. Environmental infestations have proved to cause many of the cases of disease transfer to humans. The disease can be transferred by the touching or ingesting of any infected object or organism. The mycobacteria have even been found on clinically healthy fish at low concentrations, but it is unclear whether this concentration has the ability to infect humans or not.
The concern with the range of substances mycobacteria inhabit has to do with the fact that water used for drinking and facilities have been contaminated in the past with infectious species.
Section 3
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Conclusion
Overall text length at least 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures.
References
Edited by student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 238 Microbiology, 2011, Kenyon College.
