Natural Killer Cell: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Image:NK.cells.EM.LM.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Natural killer cells (NK cells) under light microscopy (A) and electron microscopy (B). In <i>text</i>]]
[[Image:NK.cells.EM.LM.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Natural killer cells (NK cells) under light microscopy (A) and electron microscopy (B). In <i>Characterization of a Novel Human Natural Killer-Cell Line (NK-YS) Established From Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia Associated With Epstein-Barr Virus Infection (Tsuchiyama J. et al. 1998)</i>. Link:https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/92/4/1374/247309/Characterization-of-a-Novel-Human-Natural-Killer]]


Natural killer cells (NCKs) are a set of granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that are non-adherent and non-phagocytic [1]. They provide important rapid response to viral, and, sometimes, microbial, infections and tumor onsets. [1,2] NCKs share many features with leukocytes of the innate immune system, such as granular cytoplasm, spontaneous activity, and susceptibility to positive regulation by immune stimuli. [1] However, research has shown that NKCs activities are specific to a certain level against different types of pathogens to promote efficiency and allow self-tolerance, and can be regulated by complex intercellular signals, characteristics common to the adaptive immune system. <ref>[Vivier, E., Raulet, D. H., Moretta, A., Caligiuri, M. A., Zitvogel, L., Lanier, L. L., … Ugolini, S. (2011, January 7). REVIEW Innate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells. Science, 331(6013), 44–49. doi: 10.1126/science.1198687.]</ref> Thus, NKCs are now considered to be a conjunction point of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In the innate immune system, NCKs are detectors for infected, especially virally infected, cells and tumorous cells, which can evade phagocytosis by macrophages and other lymphocytes of the first-line immune response. This immune surveillance function [1] follows the “missing self hypothesis” [5] that is associated with major histone-compatibility (MHC) protein class I receptors. NKCs can also be stimulated by dendritic cells via cytokine secretion. [5]
Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a type of granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that are non-adherent and non-phagocytic. NK cells were originally defined as a subset of lymphocytes that have natural cytotoxic activity against certain types of tumorous cells and endogenous type-C viruses in mice. Natural cytotoxicity refers to the fact that they can rapidly cause tumor cells’ lyses in the absence of any previous stimulation [1,2]. They were first named in an article in 1976 [3] and later categorized as part of the innate immune system due to their morphology, origin (bone marrow), and lack of antigen-specific receptors (such as those on T and B-cells’ surfaces) and their respective genes. [4,5]


[[Image:marburgvirus.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Colony of Marburg virus.  Transmission electron microscope image taken by Dr. Tom Geisbert]]
[[Image:marburgvirus.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Colony of Marburg virus.  Transmission electron microscope image taken by Dr. Tom Geisbert]]

Revision as of 04:12, 2 December 2019

Overview

Natural killer cells (NK cells) under light microscopy (A) and electron microscopy (B). In Characterization of a Novel Human Natural Killer-Cell Line (NK-YS) Established From Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia Associated With Epstein-Barr Virus Infection (Tsuchiyama J. et al. 1998). Link:https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/92/4/1374/247309/Characterization-of-a-Novel-Human-Natural-Killer

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a type of granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that are non-adherent and non-phagocytic. NK cells were originally defined as a subset of lymphocytes that have natural cytotoxic activity against certain types of tumorous cells and endogenous type-C viruses in mice. Natural cytotoxicity refers to the fact that they can rapidly cause tumor cells’ lyses in the absence of any previous stimulation [1,2]. They were first named in an article in 1976 [3] and later categorized as part of the innate immune system due to their morphology, origin (bone marrow), and lack of antigen-specific receptors (such as those on T and B-cells’ surfaces) and their respective genes. [4,5]

Colony of Marburg virus. Transmission electron microscope image taken by Dr. Tom Geisbert


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Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
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Section 1 Genetics

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Sample citations: [1] [2]

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Section 2 Microbiome

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Conclusion

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References

  1. ↑ Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
  2. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.


Edited by [Minh Pham], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2019, Kenyon College.

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