Peptostreptococcus anaerobius: Difference between revisions

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==Classification==
==Classification==
[[File:Peptostreptococcus anaerobius main wiki picture.jpg]]


Domain: Bacteria
Domain: Bacteria
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Phylum: Firmicutes
Phylum: Firmicutes


Class: Clostridia
Class: Clostridia                        


Order: ''Clostridiales''
Order: Eubacteriales


Family: Clostridiaceae
Family: Peptostreptococcaceae


Genus: ''Peptostreptococcus''
Genus: Peptostreptococcus




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'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''
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==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.
''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' is a slow growing, non-spore forming, Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) bacteria. This means that it is not able to grow in oxygen-rich environments. It is a short chain cocci, or spherical bacterium, with a size of 0.5µ to 0.6µ. During growth, they form a raised, white, glossy colony [[#References|[7]]]. ''P. anaerobius'', under the correct conditions, becomes an opportunistic pathogen that can cause multiple deep organ abscesses and infections in the abdominal cavity and female urogenitary tract [[#References|[2]]].


''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' is a slow growing, non-spore forming, Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) bacteria. This means that it is not able to grow in oxygen-rich environments. ''P. anaerobius'', under the correct harsh conditions, becomes an opportunistic pathogen that can cause multiple deep organ abscesses and infections in the abdominal cavity and female urogenitary tract (academic oup). ''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' is a short chain cocci which means it is a spherical bacterium with a size of 0.5µ to 0.6µ.
''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' is one of the most frequently isolated and most common gram-positive cocci. It is part of the normal microbial flora within the gastrointestinal and female genitourinary system [[#References|[5]]]. However, it can also be found in the oral cavity and foot.  


''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' is one of the most frequently isolated and most common gram-positive cocci. It is part of the normal microbial flora within the human mouth and female genitourinary system (cmr-asm). Their optimal growth temperature is 37°C on blood agar where they form a raised, white, glossy colony (science direct).
''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' displays a large importance in the field of medicine. As mentioned, ''P. anaerobius'' is an opportunistic pathogen. This means that it can cause infections all throughout the human body. Some infections can be very severe while others can be small. However, rates of infection due to ''P. anaerobius'' and other GPAC's are increasing, which puts an even larger importance on the microbe itself. Researching their properties and their resistance to antibiotics is key to not only understanding the microbe but to combatting future infections.
 
''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' displays a large importance in the field of medicine. As mentioned, ''P. anaerobius'' is an opportunistic pathogen. This means that it can cause infections all throughout the human body. Some infections can be very severe while others can be small. However, rates of infection due to ''P. anaerobius'' and other GPAC's are increasing, which puts an even larger importance on the microbe itself. Researching their properties and their resistance to antibiotics is key to not only understanding the microbe but combatting future infections.


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
The content within the genome of ''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' has been scarcely observed and researched due to inadequate classification and difficulties with laboratory identification. The GC composition, or Guanine-Cytosine Content, of ''P. anaerobius'' is 33.0% [[#References|[1]]]. Its number of CDS, the portion of genes DNA or RNA that codes for protein, is 951. Its tRNA count is 60 and its 5s rRNA, 16s rRNA, and 23s rRNA is 6 [[#Reference|[9]]]. Its genome has been found to be much smaller than other ''Peptostreptococcus'' species [[#References|[2]]].
 
The content within the genome of ''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' has been scarcely observed and researched. The DNA base composition of ''P. anaerobius'' is 33-34% and its type strain is ATCC27337 (sciendirect). Its genome has been found to be much smaller than the other peptostreptococcus species (academic-oup).


==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' has a small, coccobacillary cell structure with a diameter of 0.5µ and 0.6µ [[#References|[2]]]. It aso contains a crystalline protein layer on top of the peptidoglycan layer within its cell wall [[#References|[4]]].  


''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' contains a coccobacillary cell structure with a diameter of 0.5µ and 0.6µ (academic-oup). It aso contains a crystalline protein layer on top of the peptidoglycan layer within its cell wall (ncbi).  
''P. anaerobius'' is known to be biochemically inactive and usually will not ferment carbohydrates. Its growth is stimulated by 0.02 polysorbate-80 [[#References|[1]]]. However, when oxygen and ''P. anaerobius'' come into contact with each other, its metabolism is greatly diminished. It uses ethanol, acetate, and 4-methylvalerate under anaerobic conditions as its main fermentation and metabolic products [[#References|[3]]]. Under its optimal growth temperature of 37°C, it can produce CO2 and H2 from pyruvate under anaerobic conditions and when in glucose, it produces a large amount of gas and ammonia [[#References|[7]]]. ''P. anaerobius'' also produces isocaproic acid as a major end product of metabolism and it is the only gram-positive anaerobic coccus to do so. The release of this acid aids researchers in identifying them more quickly [[#References|[8]]]


''P. anaerobius'' is known to be biochemically inactive and usually will not ferment carbohydrates. Its growth is stimulated by 0.02 polysorbate-80 (science direct). However, when oxygen and ''P. anaerobius'' come into contact with each other, its metabolism is greatly diminished. It uses ethanol, acetate, and 4-methylvalerate under anaerobic conditions as its main fermentation and metabolic products (microbiology research). It can produce CO2 and H2 from pyruvate under anaerobic conditions. When in glucose, it produces a large amount of gas and ammonia (sciendirect).
[[File:Peptostreptococcus second picture .jpg]]


==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.<br>
''P. anaerobius'' is known to be an opportunistic pathogen. It is one of the most common GPAC associated with infections of the abdominal cavity and female urogenitary tract [[#References|[2]]]. However, ''P. anaerobius'' has been isolated from rat, mice, cat, dog, monkey, and rabbit feces as well. Anaerobes are known to cause 8-11% of cases of bacteremia in adults and ''Peptostreptococcus'' accounts for 25-30% of all isolated anaerobes [[#References|[6]]]. The most common female infection by P. anaerobius is bacterial vaginosis, which is inflammation of the vagina due to mass growth of natural bacteria. This can be followed by painful urination and itchiness but goes away in 5-7 days. However, it is known to create other abnormalities such as abscesses in different parts of the body and has the potential to cause orbital disease, the inflammation of the eyes and eyelids resulting in vision loss [[#References|[2]]].
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br>
 
''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' is not very susceptible to antibiotics either. It was found that there were more strains of ''P. anaerobius'' that were resistant to antibiotics than any other ''Peptostreptococcus'' species [[#References|[2]]]. It was not until recently that a new antibiotic, Oritavancin, was able to combat ''P. anaerobius''. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell-wall formation through blocking the transglycosylation step in peptidoglycan hydrolysis [[#References|[2]]].
 
''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' has a commensal symbiosis with another microbe, ''Prevotella bivia''. This relationship occurs during bacterial vaginosis where ''P. bivia'' supports the growth of ''P. anaerobius'' because ''P. bivia'' has a net accumulation of amino acids. Otherwise, ''P. anaerobius'' would not be able to grow [[#References|[2]]].
 
==References==
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/peptostreptococcus-anaerobius] Brook, Itzhak. “Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius.” Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, 2017.
 
[http://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/37/4/520/2399123#95847744] Carmel, Elizabeth, and Inga Maria Frick. “Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci – Commensals and Opportunistic Pathogens.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 July 2013.
 
[http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/micro/107/2/mic-107-2-235.pdf?expires=1587484803&amp;id=id&amp;accname=guest&amp;checksum=9B8ADF8FE1C934C7FD090224F077FBBE]
Hoshino, Esturo, et al. “Oxygen and the Metabolism of ''Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius''.” Microbiology Society, Department of Oral Microbiology, 1978.
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7773401] Kotiranta, A, et al. “Crystalline Surface Protein of Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius.” Microbiology (Reading, England), U.S. National Library of Medicine, May 1995.  


''P. anaerobius'' is known to be an opportunistic pathogen. It is one of the most common GPAC associated with infections of the abdominal cavity and female urogenitary tract (academic-oup). The most common female infection by ''P. anaerobius'' is bacterial vaginosis. However, it is know to create other abnormalities such as abscesses in different parts of the body and has the potential to cause orbital disease (academic-oup).  
[http://cmr.asm.org/content/11/1/81#sec-29] Murdoch, D. A. “Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology Journals, 1 Jan. 1998.


''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' is not very susceptible to antibiotics either. It was found that there were more strains of ''P. anaerobius'' that were resistant to antibiotics than any other ''peptostreptococcus'' species (academic-oup). It was not until recently that a new antibiotic, Oritavancin, was able to combat ''P. anaerobius''. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell-wall formation through blocking the transglycosylation step in peptidoglycan hydrolysis (academic-oup).  
[http://www.msdsonline.com/resources/sds-resources/free-safety-data-sheet-index/peptostreptococcus-spp/] “Peptostreptococcus Spp.” MSDSonline, Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010.


''Peptostreptococcus anaerobius'' has a commensal symbiosis with another microbe, ''Prevotella bivia''. This relationship occurs during bacterial vaginosis where ''P. bivia'' supports the growth of ''P. anaerobius'' because ''P. bivia'' has a net accumulation of amino acids (academic-oup). Otherwise, ''P. anaerobius'' would not be able to grow in vaginal defined mediums (academic-oup).
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/peptostreptococcus] “Peptostreptococcus.” Peptostreptococcus - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Atlas of Oral Microbiology, 2015.


==References==
[http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jmm/51/12/mjm5112.1097.pdf?expires=1587582663&amp;id=id&amp;accname=guest&amp;checksum=E13D410F0FED4003E14EFD77B1EB879C] Riggio, M.P., and A. Lennon. “Development of a PCR Assay Specific for ''Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius''.” Society for General Microbiology, 2002.
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
 
[http://genomes.atcc.org/genomes/a26a74d886aa463a?_ga=2.170397024.176624086.1587587451-2016424044.1587587451] Kluyver, and van Niel. “Genomes.” ATCC, 2020.


==Author==
==Author==

Latest revision as of 13:00, 23 April 2020

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius main wiki picture.jpg

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Firmicutes

Class: Clostridia

Order: Eubacteriales

Family: Peptostreptococcaceae

Genus: Peptostreptococcus


Species

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius or P. anaerobius

Type Strain: ATCC27337

NCBI: Taxonomy

Description and Significance

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius is a slow growing, non-spore forming, Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) bacteria. This means that it is not able to grow in oxygen-rich environments. It is a short chain cocci, or spherical bacterium, with a size of 0.5µ to 0.6µ. During growth, they form a raised, white, glossy colony [7]. P. anaerobius, under the correct conditions, becomes an opportunistic pathogen that can cause multiple deep organ abscesses and infections in the abdominal cavity and female urogenitary tract [2].

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius is one of the most frequently isolated and most common gram-positive cocci. It is part of the normal microbial flora within the gastrointestinal and female genitourinary system [5]. However, it can also be found in the oral cavity and foot.

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius displays a large importance in the field of medicine. As mentioned, P. anaerobius is an opportunistic pathogen. This means that it can cause infections all throughout the human body. Some infections can be very severe while others can be small. However, rates of infection due to P. anaerobius and other GPAC's are increasing, which puts an even larger importance on the microbe itself. Researching their properties and their resistance to antibiotics is key to not only understanding the microbe but to combatting future infections.

Genome Structure

The content within the genome of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius has been scarcely observed and researched due to inadequate classification and difficulties with laboratory identification. The GC composition, or Guanine-Cytosine Content, of P. anaerobius is 33.0% [1]. Its number of CDS, the portion of genes DNA or RNA that codes for protein, is 951. Its tRNA count is 60 and its 5s rRNA, 16s rRNA, and 23s rRNA is 6 [9]. Its genome has been found to be much smaller than other Peptostreptococcus species [2].

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius has a small, coccobacillary cell structure with a diameter of 0.5µ and 0.6µ [2]. It aso contains a crystalline protein layer on top of the peptidoglycan layer within its cell wall [4].

P. anaerobius is known to be biochemically inactive and usually will not ferment carbohydrates. Its growth is stimulated by 0.02 polysorbate-80 [1]. However, when oxygen and P. anaerobius come into contact with each other, its metabolism is greatly diminished. It uses ethanol, acetate, and 4-methylvalerate under anaerobic conditions as its main fermentation and metabolic products [3]. Under its optimal growth temperature of 37°C, it can produce CO2 and H2 from pyruvate under anaerobic conditions and when in glucose, it produces a large amount of gas and ammonia [7]. P. anaerobius also produces isocaproic acid as a major end product of metabolism and it is the only gram-positive anaerobic coccus to do so. The release of this acid aids researchers in identifying them more quickly [8]

Peptostreptococcus second picture .jpg

Ecology and Pathogenesis

P. anaerobius is known to be an opportunistic pathogen. It is one of the most common GPAC associated with infections of the abdominal cavity and female urogenitary tract [2]. However, P. anaerobius has been isolated from rat, mice, cat, dog, monkey, and rabbit feces as well. Anaerobes are known to cause 8-11% of cases of bacteremia in adults and Peptostreptococcus accounts for 25-30% of all isolated anaerobes [6]. The most common female infection by P. anaerobius is bacterial vaginosis, which is inflammation of the vagina due to mass growth of natural bacteria. This can be followed by painful urination and itchiness but goes away in 5-7 days. However, it is known to create other abnormalities such as abscesses in different parts of the body and has the potential to cause orbital disease, the inflammation of the eyes and eyelids resulting in vision loss [2].

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius is not very susceptible to antibiotics either. It was found that there were more strains of P. anaerobius that were resistant to antibiotics than any other Peptostreptococcus species [2]. It was not until recently that a new antibiotic, Oritavancin, was able to combat P. anaerobius. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell-wall formation through blocking the transglycosylation step in peptidoglycan hydrolysis [2].

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius has a commensal symbiosis with another microbe, Prevotella bivia. This relationship occurs during bacterial vaginosis where P. bivia supports the growth of P. anaerobius because P. bivia has a net accumulation of amino acids. Otherwise, P. anaerobius would not be able to grow [2].

References

[1] Brook, Itzhak. “Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius.” Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, 2017.

[2] Carmel, Elizabeth, and Inga Maria Frick. “Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci – Commensals and Opportunistic Pathogens.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 July 2013.

[3] Hoshino, Esturo, et al. “Oxygen and the Metabolism of Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius.” Microbiology Society, Department of Oral Microbiology, 1978.

[4] Kotiranta, A, et al. “Crystalline Surface Protein of Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius.” Microbiology (Reading, England), U.S. National Library of Medicine, May 1995.

[5] Murdoch, D. A. “Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology Journals, 1 Jan. 1998.

[6] “Peptostreptococcus Spp.” MSDSonline, Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010.

[7] “Peptostreptococcus.” Peptostreptococcus - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Atlas of Oral Microbiology, 2015.

[8] Riggio, M.P., and A. Lennon. “Development of a PCR Assay Specific for Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius.” Society for General Microbiology, 2002.

[9] Kluyver, and van Niel. “Genomes.” ATCC, 2020.

Author

Page authored by Eric Salzeider, student of Prof. Jay Lennon at IndianaUniversity.