Pseudomonas chlororaphis

==Classification== http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/scdocs/doc/1431.pdf

Kingdom: Bacteria

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Gamma Proteobacteria

Order: Pseudomonadales

Family: Pseudomonadaceae

Species

Pseudomonas chloroaphis

Sub Groups: aurantiaca, aureofaciens, chlororaphis, fragi, lundensis, taetrolens

Description and Significance

Description

Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.

microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/pseudomonas Rod (1)

Metabolism

Aerobic (1)

Members of the genus display the following defining characteristics:[6]

· Rod shaped

· Gram-negative

· One or more polar flagella, providing motility

· Aerobic

· Non–spore forming

Pseudomonas are Gram-negative rods

"Pseudomonas chlororaphis ATCC 43928 is a relatively common soil heterotroph which is capable of denitri- fication and is able to grow in a defined medium. This species is present in the root zone of G. maxima and even tends to dominate it after amendment with nitrate (Nijburg et al., 1997)." (Bodelier et al, 1997)

Pseudomonad literally means 'false unit', being derived from the Greek pseudo (ψευδο 'false') and monas (μονάς / μονάδα 'a single unit'). The term "monad" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms

Anzai, Y; Kudo, Y; Oyaizu, H (1997). "The phylogeny of the genera Chryseomonas, Flavimonas, and Pseudomonas supports synonymy of these three genera". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 249–51. PMID 9103607

Other characteristics which tend to be associated with Pseudomonas species (with some exceptions) include secretion of pyoverdin (fluorescein), a fluorescent yellow-green siderophoreHYPERLINK \l "cite_note-Meyer_2002-6"[7] under iron-limiting conditions.

Meyer JM, Geoffroy VA, Baida N, et al. (2002). "Siderophore typing, a powerful tool for the identification of fluorescent and nonfluorescent pseudomonads". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (6): 2745–53. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.6.2745-2753.2002. PMID 12039729

strain 63-28 is used in fungicides to target rhizoctonia solani and pythium spp. and fusarium oxysporum in cucumbers, peppers, and tomatoes

http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/scdocs/doc/1431.pdf

Used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture by acting aginast certain fungal plant pathogens via production of phenazine type antibotics. (Chin-A-Woeng TF, et al. (2000). "Root colonization by phenazine-1-carboxamide-producing bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 is essential for biocontrol of tomato foot and root rot.". Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13 (12): 1340–5. doi:10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.12.1340. PMID 11106026.)

Genome Structure

Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.

"Km-values for oxygen uptake were 1.4-5.6 micromolar. P. chlororaphis compete with Nitrosomonas europaea for oxygen in the rhizosphere, and this competition is determined by the oxidation kinetics of the electron donor (not the oxygen uptake kinetics of the organisms." (Bodelier and Laanbroek, 1997)

"Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 63-28 produces plant growth factors, such as cytokinin , which could help the plant to limit fungal damage. The bacterium also produces antibiotics, which would act directly on the fungi. The bacterium seems to contain a special protein that binds iron that the fungi might need for growth and reproduction." (EPA, 2009)

"Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 63-28 produces plant growth factors, such as cytokinin , which could help the plant to limit fungal damage. The bacterium also produces antibiotics, which would act directly on the fungi. The bacterium seems to contain a special protein that binds iron that the fungi might need for growth and reproduction." (EPA, 2009)

"Km-values for oxygen uptake were 1.4-5.6 micromolar. P. chlororaphis compete with Nitrosomonas europaea for oxygen in the rhizosphere, and this competition is determined by the oxidation kinetics of the electron donor (not the oxygen uptake kinetics of the organisms." (Bodelier and Laanbroek, 1997)

Ecology and Pathogenesis

Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

"The bacterium has shown no toxicity or pathogenicity to humans, wildlife, or the environment. It targets certain fungi that attack plant roots and cause wilt diseases, as well as stem and root rots. The pesticide product is applied by drenching the soil of contained plants. Because no harmful effects were seen in toxicity and pathogenicity studies, no adverse effects to humans are expected from use of pesticide products containing this bacterium." (EPA 2009, http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_006478.htm)

References

[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.

http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/65/8/3674

Author

Page authored by Brad J. Wardynski, Michael Wandersee, and Erika White, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Michigan State University.

Pseudomonas chlororaphis

P. chlororaphis group

P. aurantiaca P. aureofaciens P. chlororaphis P. fragi P. lundensis P. taetrolens