Pseudomonas chlororaphis: Difference between revisions
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[[File:P. Cloroaphis.jpg|thumb|Description]] | [[File:P. Cloroaphis.jpg|thumb|Description]] | ||
In Greek, Pseudomonad literally means 'false unit', being derived from pseudo and monas (Applied, 2002). The term "monad" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms (Applied, 2002). | |||
Common characteristics of ‘’ Pseudomonas chlororaphis’’ are: (microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/pseudomonas | |||
• Rod-shaped | |||
• Aerobic | |||
• Gram-negative | |||
• One or more polar flagella | |||
• Non-spore forming | |||
Another characteristic includes secretion of pyoverdin, or fluorescent (Tombolini, 1999). This fluorescent is generally a yellow-green pigment and comes out when the organism is attached to the desired plant species, within the hystol section of soil, under iron limiting conditions (Meyer, 2002). Emission of these pigments allow for easy detection using siderophore typing (Meyer, 2002). | |||
[[File:Pics of fluor.JPG|thumb|Description]] | |||
Many applications of Pseudomonas chlororaphis are used in agriculture and horticulture by acting against various fungal plant pathogens by creating phenazine (antibiotic to root rot of cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, and many other agricultural crops) (Woeng, 2000). | |||
Pseudomonas are | |||
==Genome Structure== | ==Genome Structure== | ||
Revision as of 03:12, 19 April 2010
Classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Pseudomonadales
Family: Pseudomonadaceae
Species
Pseudomonas chloroaphis
Sub Groups: aurantiaca, aureofaciens, chlororaphis, fragi, lundensis, taetrolens
Description and Significance
In Greek, Pseudomonad literally means 'false unit', being derived from pseudo and monas (Applied, 2002). The term "monad" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms (Applied, 2002). Common characteristics of ‘’ Pseudomonas chlororaphis’’ are: (microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/pseudomonas • Rod-shaped • Aerobic • Gram-negative • One or more polar flagella • Non-spore forming
Another characteristic includes secretion of pyoverdin, or fluorescent (Tombolini, 1999). This fluorescent is generally a yellow-green pigment and comes out when the organism is attached to the desired plant species, within the hystol section of soil, under iron limiting conditions (Meyer, 2002). Emission of these pigments allow for easy detection using siderophore typing (Meyer, 2002).
Many applications of Pseudomonas chlororaphis are used in agriculture and horticulture by acting against various fungal plant pathogens by creating phenazine (antibiotic to root rot of cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, and many other agricultural crops) (Woeng, 2000).
Genome Structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
"Km-values for oxygen uptake were 1.4-5.6 micromolar. P. chlororaphis compete with Nitrosomonas europaea for oxygen in the rhizosphere, and this competition is determined by the oxidation kinetics of the electron donor (not the oxygen uptake kinetics of the organisms." (Bodelier and Laanbroek, 1997)
"Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 63-28 produces plant growth factors, such as cytokinin , which could help the plant to limit fungal damage. The bacterium also produces antibiotics, which would act directly on the fungi. The bacterium seems to contain a special protein that binds iron that the fungi might need for growth and reproduction." (EPA, 2009)
"Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 63-28 produces plant growth factors, such as cytokinin , which could help the plant to limit fungal damage. The bacterium also produces antibiotics, which would act directly on the fungi. The bacterium seems to contain a special protein that binds iron that the fungi might need for growth and reproduction." (EPA, 2009)
"Km-values for oxygen uptake were 1.4-5.6 micromolar. P. chlororaphis compete with Nitrosomonas europaea for oxygen in the rhizosphere, and this competition is determined by the oxidation kinetics of the electron donor (not the oxygen uptake kinetics of the organisms." (Bodelier and Laanbroek, 1997)
Ecology and Pathogenesis
Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
"The bacterium has shown no toxicity or pathogenicity to humans, wildlife, or the environment. It targets certain fungi that attack plant roots and cause wilt diseases, as well as stem and root rots. The pesticide product is applied by drenching the soil of contained plants. Because no harmful effects were seen in toxicity and pathogenicity studies, no adverse effects to humans are expected from use of pesticide products containing this bacterium." (EPA 2009, http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_006478.htm)
microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/pseudomonas Ecology Found in soil, water, plant tissue and animal tissue.
Krieg, Noel (1984). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0683041088
"Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 63-28 is a naturally occurring bacterium that can be used in controlling various fungi that attack crop roots. Its use is limited to vegetables and ornamental crops in containers in greenhouses. The product AtEzeTM, the first pesticide product containing this active ingredient, was registered in September 2001 for a period of 18 months. During that period, the registrant is required to submit additional data, which will allow EPA to decide whether to grant the product a full registration." (EPA, 2009)
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/scdocs/doc/1431.pdf effective biocontrol agent against Pythium aphanidermatum, the causal agent of damping-off of hot pepper in greenhouse vegetable production systems. Root colonisation by a plant-beneficial rhizobacterium. Pseudomonas chloroaphis O6, induces disease resistance in tobacco against leaf pathogens Erwinia carotovora causing soft-rot and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci causing wildfire. It was reported to produce an antifungal metabolite which is a crucial trait in its competition with the pytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum in the rhizosphere. Specifically, P. chlororaphis was described to control tomato foot and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum by root colonisation.
Shown to increase the yield of spring wheat when soils are inoculated. (Crop et al, 1996
Utilized in industrial production of acrylamide. (Yamada and Kobayashi, 1996; Asano et al, 1981)
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/scdocs/doc/1431.pdf A Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate, obtained from perch intestine, was evaluated with regards to its potential to control Aeromonas sobria disease in farmed perch. An infection of perch with labelled P.chlororaphis indicated the bacterium is able to transiently colonise juvenile fish and fingerlings and to reduce A. sobria associated mortalities
Used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture by acting aginast certain fungal plant pathogens via production of phenazine type antibotics. (Chin-A-Woeng TF, et al. (2000). "Root colonization by phenazine-1-carboxamide-producing bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 is essential for biocontrol of tomato foot and root rot.". Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13 (12): 1340–5. doi:10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.12.1340. PMID 11106026.)
has shown no toxicity or pathogenicity to humans
References
http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/65/8/3674
Author
Page authored by Brad J. Wardynski, Michael Wandersee, and Erika White, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Michigan State University.
