Pseudomonas syringae: The Pathogen and Epiphyte
Introduction
By Sarah Metzmaier
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Pseudomonas syringae is responsible for various functions within the microbial community and plays a diverse role in the biology of the phyllo-sphere as a pathogen, epiphyte, and ice nucleus (1). The original strain was isolated in 1902, by van Hall, via diseased lilacs (Syringa vulgaris), directly corresponding to the species designation, syringae. By the early 1970s, nearly 40 stains of the phytopathogenic bacteria were isolated form varying plant species lesions and host specificity became an important criterion used by plant pathologist to differentiate variable species (1). Overall,P. syringae is characterized as an aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium with polar flagella (1). They do not accumulate poly-B-hydroxybutyrate, but do produce diffusible fluorescent pigments and associate as arginine dihydrolase and oxidase negative (1). Additionally, with many variable strains, Phytobacteriologist have created a system for distinguishing between these bacteria via a species designation “pathovar” (pv.) (1). Also, as a plant-based pathogen known for its epiphytic abilities, P. syringae is also incredibly active in ice-nucleation. (3) With such a wide set of biological interactions and significant contributions to biological systems, understanding the molecular basis of P. syringae is critical and has resulted in P. syringae acting as a model for the study of host-pathogen interactions in various experimental hypotheses. (1) In addition, the abundance of P. syringae in rain, snow, and wild plants has been closely reported and corresponds with studies looking into P. syringae in relation to biochemical traits, pathogenicity and pathogenicity-related factors. (3) In all, P. syringae is an archetype of plant pathogens, an ubiquitous epiphyte with well-studied ecology, whose mechanisms of pathogenicity and evolution have been rigorously investigated (3). With the majority of scientific investigations relating to this bacterium focused on its roles as a plant pathogen, the emergence of P. syringae and ice nucleation (IN) activity is also of critical importance (3). With direct relation to processes in which the role of freezing is critical, investigations have led to the idea of P. syringae having an elaborate history whereby it survives and proliferates in diverse niches in habitats linked to the water cycle (3). Therefore, the complex role of P. syringae within the microbial world can hold significant impacts on various environmental processes and biological systems.
1. Hirano, Susan S., and Christen D. Upper. “Population Biology and Epidemiology of Pseudomonas Syringae”. 1990. Annual Review of Phytopathology 28: 155-177.
2. Baltrus, David A., McCann, Honour C., and David S. Guttman. “Evolution, genomics and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae.” 2017. Molecular Plant Pathology 18(1): 152-168.
3. Morris, C., Sands, D., Vinatzer, B. et al. “The life history of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae is linked to the water cycle”. 2008. ISME J 2, 321–334.
4. Cui, J., Bahrami, Adam K., Pringle, Elizabeth G., Hernandez-Guzman, G., Bender, Carol L., Pierce, Naomi E., and Frederick M. Ausubel. “Pseudomonas syringae manipulates systemic plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores.” 2004. PNAS 102(5): 1791-1796.
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Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2021, Kenyon College.
