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==Classification==
==Taxonomic Classification==


Domain: '''Bacteria''' Phylum: ''' Bacillota''' Class: '''Clostridia''' Order: '''Eubacteriales''' Family: '''Lachnospiraceae''' [Others may be used.  Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]
[[File:Scanning-electron-micrograph-of-Roseburia-intestinalis-sp-nov-L1-82-T-showing-a_(1).png|thumb|Scanning electron micrograph taken of ''Roseburia intestinalis'' [4]]]
 
Domain: '''Bacteria'''  
 
Phylum: ''' Bacillota'''  
 
Class: '''Clostridia'''  
 
Order: '''Lachnospirales'''
Family: '''Lachnospiraceae'''  
 
Genus: '''Roseburia'''


===Species===
===Species===
{|
{|
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |
| height="10" bgcolor="#E39FF6" |
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''
'''NCBI: ''R. intestinalis'' Taxonomy [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=536231]'''
|}
|}


''Roseburia intestinalis''  
''Roseburia intestinalis''  


Other species in '''Roseburia''' genus:  
Other species in '''Roseburia''' genus:  
''Roseburia hominis; Roseburia inulinivorans; Roseburia faecis; Roseburia cecicola''
''Roseburia hominis; Roseburia inulinivorans; Roseburia faecis; Roseburia cecicola'' [7]
 


==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.
''Roseburia intestinalis'' is a major inhabitant of the human gut microbiome, making up 2.3% of the entire gut microbiome and up to 20% of the bacteria found in the colorectal region [11]. ''R. intestinalis'' is a butyrate producer, a short-chain fatty acid that provides an energy source for colon epithelial cells to break down dietary fiber. The main reason for it’s ability to produce butyrate is from the enzyme Butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase, which can transform acetate into butyrate. Butyrate is also known to suppress colon cancer, as it induces histone acetylation on the epithelial cells [1]. Butyrate in healthy colon cells will feed them through beta-oxidation, which is what most healthy epithelial cells prefer. It acts as a natural histone deacetylase enzyme inhibitor, which are enzymes known to lead to oncogene expression and is a factor that leads to colon cancer. As ''R. intestinalis'' acts as a natural inhibitor to these HDACs, cancer therapies involving ''R. intestinalis'' is on the rise in research. Lack of butyrate production has been associated with diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and Type 2 diabetes [11]. Live Biotherapeutics Drug Discovery has announced ''R. intestinalis'' and the rest of its genus as a Next Generation Probiotic for people with digestive issues to restore their gut health, as butyrate production is a big reason inflammation can be suppressed in the gut [12].


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
 
[[File:Rosie Genome.png|thumb|right|Complete genome of the ''R. intestinalis'' strain L1-82 [5]]]
 
Genome size: 4.5 Mbp
 
One circular chromosome
 
4,193 genes including:
* 34 antibiotic resistance genes
* 1 virulence factor gene
::- gene known to be obtained by the organism ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' but not sure when the encounter was nor how it affects the bacterium [5,6]
* 175 essential genes
 
 
G+C Content is known to be 42.6% [10]
 
Two known prophages are found in the commonly researched ''R. intestinalis'' strain L1-82, Jekyll and Shimadzu that help the bacteria gain host-phage resistance via horizontal gene transfer [2].  




==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
[[File:Diagram Colon.jpg|thumb|left| Diagram of the colon [3]]]
 
* Gram-positive
* Non-spore forming
* Curved rod shape
* Anaerobe
* Mesophilic
* Favors pH of 6.5-7.5
* Motile; has a flagella
 
 
''Roseburia intestinalis'''s flagella acts as its form of motion to get through the colon mucus layer where most of the butyrate is found and able to interact with the epithelial cells. ''R. intestinalis'' also has the ability to ferment arabinose, cellobiose, fructose, maltose, and melibiose as it is a saccharolytic organism [11]. Because the favored environment of ''R. intestinalis'' is the anaerobic colon and is saccharolytic, butyrate most likely comes from the fermentation of these sugars which then undergoes beta-oxidation to make energy for the healthy epithelial cells.




==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.<br>
The discovery of ''R. intestinalis'' came from Sylvia Duncan's team sampling of human infant feces along with the rest of its genus to study the symbiosis of butyrate producing bacteria and the human gut [4]. The human gut, specifically the colon, has created a space for ''R. intestinalis'' to have a symbiotic relationship producing butyrate to feed the human colon cells and getting nutrients from them as well. It is also important in breaking down the plant cell wall with its ability in fermenting beta-mannan and xylan sugars [11].  
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br>
 
As this is a known beneficial bacteria for humans, the only pathogenic trait is when there is not enough bacterial cells found in the gut microbiome. Low ''R. intestinalis'' rates lead to low butyrate production and increases the chances of colorectal cancer, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease [11].
 
This pathogenic trait is able to be controlled by the possibility of being a probiotic for the public to use and treat patients with IBD and type 2 diabetes as the butyrate production is known to have insulin resistance and anti-inflammatory properties [1].
 
The possibility of R. intestinalis becoming a cancer therapy is becoming a reality, as butyrate is a natural inhibitor of histone deacetylase enzymes to decrease oncogene expression and essentially starve the colorectal cancer cells [8].
 
[[File:Butyrate in the Colon.gif|thumb|center| Example of butyrate being an HDAC inhibitor in a colorectal cancer cell [9]]]


==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
[1] [https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9396028/ Cheng, X., Zhou, T., He, Y., Xie, Y., Xu, Y., & Huang, W. (2022, August 9). The role and mechanism of butyrate in the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Frontiers in microbiology.]
 
[2] [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-019-0566-x Cornuault JK, Moncaut E, Loux V, Mathieu A, Sokol H, Petit MA, De Paepe M. The enemy from within: a prophage of Roseburia intestinalis systematically turns lytic in the mouse gut, driving bacterial adaptation by CRISPR spacer acquisition. ISME J. 2020 Mar;14(3):771-787.]
 
[3] [https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration-large-intestine-human-anatomy-isolated-white-background-medical-illustration-labeled-diagram-image47483240 Diagram of the colon photo]
 
 
[4] [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-52-5-1615 Duncan, S. H., Hold, G. L., Barcenilla, A., Stewart, C. S., & Flint, H. J. (2002, September 1). Roseburia intestinalis sp. nov., a novel saccharolytic, butyrate-producing bacterium from human faeces. microbiologyresearch.org.]
 
[5] [https://www.bv-brc.org/view/Genome/536231.5#view_tab=overview Genome information about ''Roseburia intestinalis'']
 
[6] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12207705/ Hava D., Camilli A. Large-scale identification of serotype 4 ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' virulence factors. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Sep;45(5):1389-406. PMID: 12207705; PMCID: PMC2788772.]
 
[7] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478625/ Hillman, E. T., Kozik, A. J., Hooker, C. A., Burnett, J. L., Heo, Y., Kiesel, V. A., Nevins, C. J., Oshiro, J. M. K. I., Robins, M. M., Thakkar, R. D., Wu, S. T., & Lindemann, S. R. (2020, July). Comparative genomics of the genus roseburia reveals divergent biosynthetic pathways that may influence colonic competition among species. Microbial genomics.]
 
[8] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8620738/ King J, Patel M, Chandrasekaran S. Metabolism, HDACs, and HDAC Inhibitors: A Systems Biology Perspective. Metabolites. 2021 Nov 20;11(11):792. doi: 10.3390/metabo11110792. PMID: 34822450; PMCID: PMC8620738.]
 
[9] [https://www.lucymailing.com/scfas-part-2-the-benefits-of-butyrate/ Mailing, L. The Benefits of Butyrate. (2017)]
 
[10] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_900537995.1/ NCBI genome for ''Roseburia intestinalis'']
 
[11] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8647967/ Nie, K., Ma, K., Luo, W., Shen, Z., Yang, Z., Xiao, M., Tong, T., Yang, Y., & Wang, X. (2021, November 22). Roseburia intestinalis: A beneficial gut organism from the discoveries in genus and species. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology.]
 
[12] [https://live-biotherapeutic.creative-biolabs.com/roseburia-spp.htm Roseburia spp. as next generation probiotics. Live Biotherapeutic. (n.d.).]
 


==Author==
==Author==
Page authored by _____, student of Prof. Jay Lennon at Indiana University.
Page authored by Brianna Ritchey and Fernando Santos, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Indiana University.


<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jay Lennon at Indiana University]]
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jay Lennon at Indiana University]]

Latest revision as of 02:25, 25 April 2024

This student page has not been curated.

Taxonomic Classification

Scanning electron micrograph taken of Roseburia intestinalis [4]

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Bacillota

Class: Clostridia

Order: Lachnospirales

Family: Lachnospiraceae

Genus: Roseburia

Species

NCBI: R. intestinalis Taxonomy [1]


Roseburia intestinalis

Other species in Roseburia genus: Roseburia hominis; Roseburia inulinivorans; Roseburia faecis; Roseburia cecicola [7]


Description and Significance

Roseburia intestinalis is a major inhabitant of the human gut microbiome, making up 2.3% of the entire gut microbiome and up to 20% of the bacteria found in the colorectal region [11]. R. intestinalis is a butyrate producer, a short-chain fatty acid that provides an energy source for colon epithelial cells to break down dietary fiber. The main reason for it’s ability to produce butyrate is from the enzyme Butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase, which can transform acetate into butyrate. Butyrate is also known to suppress colon cancer, as it induces histone acetylation on the epithelial cells [1]. Butyrate in healthy colon cells will feed them through beta-oxidation, which is what most healthy epithelial cells prefer. It acts as a natural histone deacetylase enzyme inhibitor, which are enzymes known to lead to oncogene expression and is a factor that leads to colon cancer. As R. intestinalis acts as a natural inhibitor to these HDACs, cancer therapies involving R. intestinalis is on the rise in research. Lack of butyrate production has been associated with diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and Type 2 diabetes [11]. Live Biotherapeutics Drug Discovery has announced R. intestinalis and the rest of its genus as a Next Generation Probiotic for people with digestive issues to restore their gut health, as butyrate production is a big reason inflammation can be suppressed in the gut [12].

Genome Structure

Complete genome of the R. intestinalis strain L1-82 [5]

Genome size: 4.5 Mbp

One circular chromosome

4,193 genes including:

  • 34 antibiotic resistance genes
  • 1 virulence factor gene
- gene known to be obtained by the organism Streptococcus pneumoniae but not sure when the encounter was nor how it affects the bacterium [5,6]
  • 175 essential genes


G+C Content is known to be 42.6% [10]

Two known prophages are found in the commonly researched R. intestinalis strain L1-82, Jekyll and Shimadzu that help the bacteria gain host-phage resistance via horizontal gene transfer [2].


Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Diagram of the colon [3]
  • Gram-positive
  • Non-spore forming
  • Curved rod shape
  • Anaerobe
  • Mesophilic
  • Favors pH of 6.5-7.5
  • Motile; has a flagella


Roseburia intestinalis's flagella acts as its form of motion to get through the colon mucus layer where most of the butyrate is found and able to interact with the epithelial cells. R. intestinalis also has the ability to ferment arabinose, cellobiose, fructose, maltose, and melibiose as it is a saccharolytic organism [11]. Because the favored environment of R. intestinalis is the anaerobic colon and is saccharolytic, butyrate most likely comes from the fermentation of these sugars which then undergoes beta-oxidation to make energy for the healthy epithelial cells.


Ecology and Pathogenesis

The discovery of R. intestinalis came from Sylvia Duncan's team sampling of human infant feces along with the rest of its genus to study the symbiosis of butyrate producing bacteria and the human gut [4]. The human gut, specifically the colon, has created a space for R. intestinalis to have a symbiotic relationship producing butyrate to feed the human colon cells and getting nutrients from them as well. It is also important in breaking down the plant cell wall with its ability in fermenting beta-mannan and xylan sugars [11].

As this is a known beneficial bacteria for humans, the only pathogenic trait is when there is not enough bacterial cells found in the gut microbiome. Low R. intestinalis rates lead to low butyrate production and increases the chances of colorectal cancer, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease [11].

This pathogenic trait is able to be controlled by the possibility of being a probiotic for the public to use and treat patients with IBD and type 2 diabetes as the butyrate production is known to have insulin resistance and anti-inflammatory properties [1].

The possibility of R. intestinalis becoming a cancer therapy is becoming a reality, as butyrate is a natural inhibitor of histone deacetylase enzymes to decrease oncogene expression and essentially starve the colorectal cancer cells [8].

Example of butyrate being an HDAC inhibitor in a colorectal cancer cell [9]

References

[1] Cheng, X., Zhou, T., He, Y., Xie, Y., Xu, Y., & Huang, W. (2022, August 9). The role and mechanism of butyrate in the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Frontiers in microbiology.

[2] Cornuault JK, Moncaut E, Loux V, Mathieu A, Sokol H, Petit MA, De Paepe M. The enemy from within: a prophage of Roseburia intestinalis systematically turns lytic in the mouse gut, driving bacterial adaptation by CRISPR spacer acquisition. ISME J. 2020 Mar;14(3):771-787.

[3] Diagram of the colon photo


[4] Duncan, S. H., Hold, G. L., Barcenilla, A., Stewart, C. S., & Flint, H. J. (2002, September 1). Roseburia intestinalis sp. nov., a novel saccharolytic, butyrate-producing bacterium from human faeces. microbiologyresearch.org.

[5] Genome information about Roseburia intestinalis

[6] Hava D., Camilli A. Large-scale identification of serotype 4 Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Sep;45(5):1389-406. PMID: 12207705; PMCID: PMC2788772.

[7] Hillman, E. T., Kozik, A. J., Hooker, C. A., Burnett, J. L., Heo, Y., Kiesel, V. A., Nevins, C. J., Oshiro, J. M. K. I., Robins, M. M., Thakkar, R. D., Wu, S. T., & Lindemann, S. R. (2020, July). Comparative genomics of the genus roseburia reveals divergent biosynthetic pathways that may influence colonic competition among species. Microbial genomics.

[8] King J, Patel M, Chandrasekaran S. Metabolism, HDACs, and HDAC Inhibitors: A Systems Biology Perspective. Metabolites. 2021 Nov 20;11(11):792. doi: 10.3390/metabo11110792. PMID: 34822450; PMCID: PMC8620738.

[9] Mailing, L. The Benefits of Butyrate. (2017)

[10] NCBI genome for Roseburia intestinalis

[11] Nie, K., Ma, K., Luo, W., Shen, Z., Yang, Z., Xiao, M., Tong, T., Yang, Y., & Wang, X. (2021, November 22). Roseburia intestinalis: A beneficial gut organism from the discoveries in genus and species. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology.

[12] Roseburia spp. as next generation probiotics. Live Biotherapeutic. (n.d.).


Author

Page authored by Brianna Ritchey and Fernando Santos, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Indiana University.