Soil Sample Research Project: Difference between revisions
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Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant. | Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant. | ||
Bacillus safensis is a | Bacillus safensis is a gram-positive, aerobic, mesophilic, and rod bacterium. It is aerobic and highly resistant to UV and gamma rays and salt. It is also a spore forming chemoheterotroph. It was first discovered in California and Florida on spacecraft and so is believed to have been brought to the USA from Mars. There are numerous strains of this bacterium, everyone belonging to the Firmicutes phylum of Bacteria. | ||
Cell shape: rod. Cell size: ranges from 0.5-0.7 μm in diameter and 1.0-1.2 μm in length. | Cell shape: rod. Cell size: ranges from 0.5-0.7 μm in diameter and 1.0-1.2 μm in length. | ||
Cell movement: motile, and use polar flagella for locomotion. | Cell movement: motile, and use polar flagella for locomotion. | ||
Colony characteristics: dull white, undulate round, non-luminescent with irregular borders. | Colony characteristics: dull white, undulate round, non-luminescent with irregular borders. | ||
Growth: mesophillic, as they can grow in temperatures ranging between 10-50 °C. | Growth: mesophillic, as they can grow in temperatures ranging between 10-50 °C. | ||
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Resistances: produce spores that are resistant to hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. | Resistances: produce spores that are resistant to hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. | ||
Bacillus safensis is sensitive to the antibiotic Optichen. Optichen is most commonly used to rule out Streptococcus pneumoniae and not commonly used for bacillus safensis. | |||
==Genome Structure== | ==Genome Structure== | ||
Revision as of 21:34, 8 May 2015
Classification
Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
Domain: Bacteria Division/phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus Species: B. safensis
Genus
Bacillus safensis
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Genus species
Habitat Information
The soil was collected from a flower bed in an Austin TX residential neighborgood on January 29, 2014 at 1030am. The flower bed is west facing with very little sunlight as it is shaded by a structure. Location: 30degree14'05"N 97degree44'01"W. Humidity 78 percent.Temperature 72 degrees Fahrenheit. Pressure 29.83in. Elevation at 613 feet. Sky is overcast. No precipitation in the last 24 hours.
Description and Significance
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.
Bacillus safensis is a gram-positive, aerobic, mesophilic, and rod bacterium. It is aerobic and highly resistant to UV and gamma rays and salt. It is also a spore forming chemoheterotroph. It was first discovered in California and Florida on spacecraft and so is believed to have been brought to the USA from Mars. There are numerous strains of this bacterium, everyone belonging to the Firmicutes phylum of Bacteria.
Cell shape: rod. Cell size: ranges from 0.5-0.7 μm in diameter and 1.0-1.2 μm in length. Cell movement: motile, and use polar flagella for locomotion.
Colony characteristics: dull white, undulate round, non-luminescent with irregular borders. Growth: mesophillic, as they can grow in temperatures ranging between 10-50 °C. Salt tolerance: prefers 0-10% salt, and a pH of 4-8. Resistances: produce spores that are resistant to hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation.
Bacillus safensis is sensitive to the antibiotic Optichen. Optichen is most commonly used to rule out Streptococcus pneumoniae and not commonly used for bacillus safensis.
Genome Structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.
Bacillus safensis is a circular chromosome of 3.68 Mb, with approximately 3928 protein coding sequences and 39 contigs/overlapping DNA fragments greater than 200 base pairs in size. The genome also displays 73 tRNA genes. The strain FO-036b shows a guanine-cytosine content of 41.0-41.4 mol%.
Sequence 1 Sample Patch MR#1 5' bases trimmed: 18 3' bases trimmed: 4
Sequence 2 Sample Patch MR#2 5' bases trimmed: 15 3' bases trimmed: 11
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
Growth: mesophillic, as they can grow in temperatures ranging between 10-50 °C. Salt tolerance: prefers 0-10% salt, and a pH of 4-8. Resistances: produce spores that are resistant to hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation.
Positive for oxidase and catalase, Vogues-Proskauer Negative for trypsin, mannitol, ed, but H2S, indole, amylase, agarase, lecithinase, DNase, urease, leucine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, trypsin, α-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosamidase, α-fucosidase, tryptophan deaminase, phenylalanine deaminase, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase. Cells do not reduce nitrate, but do hydrolyse gelatin, aesculin and RNA. Negative for gas production from D-glucose. Acid is produced from D-glucose, glycerol, L-arabinose, ribose, D-xylose, galactose
Strain VK also contains genes that encode for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase enzyme which enables the plant to tolerate salt, heavy metals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Because it is so tolerant, Bacillus safensis VK is a powerful plant hormone producer.
Physiology and Pathogenesis
Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
Because some strains of Bacillus safensis are resistant to UV rays, gamma rays and is highly salt resistant, it makes for a great plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. This is very important in agriculture and crop health. Rhizobacteris is found on the root of the cumin plant.
Bacillus safensis bacteria are non-pathogenic and are usually more helpful than harmful. The downside they present is that they can contaminate clean rooms (like NASA), where they can confuse test results. Certain strains are used on plants as way to stimulate root growth. Others are used to digest lipase.
Bacillus cereus. Bacillus cereus can cause gastrointestinal illness causing nausea, vomiting, severe cramping and diarrhea. It is often found in contaminated rice.
Bacillus subtilis can be used as a pesticide as it produces chemicals which are toxic to some insects,
Bacillus anthracis causes Anthrax. It was the first bacterial organism that was known to cause disease in humans. Bacillus anthracis spores can survive for very long periods of time are are often used for chemical warfare. Anthrax can be fatal and causes chest pain and high fever
Thirteen strains of Bacillus were isolated from the Mars Odyssey Orbiter surfaces and assembly-facility surfaces at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California and the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 165 rRNA and gyrB gene sequences were tested phylogenetically and with PCR fingerprinting and DNA hybrization. The 13 isolates represent genus Bacillus, for which Bacillus safensis is suspected.
Scientist Ram S. Singh and colleagues from the Punjabi University in India discovered one of the strains of Bacillus safensis to have unulase activity which is used for the production of high fructose corn syrup and fructooligosaccharides. This strain is found in the root tubers of asparagus plants.
Scientist Davender Kumar and his colleagues from Kurukshetra University in India found a strain of Bacillus safensis that was found to possess an enzyme for fat digestion called lipase. Lipases are also widely found in plants, microorganisms, and animals which are used in the production of bio deisel fuild, food, paper and detergents
Bharathiar University in India was able to isolate a strain of Bacillus safensis from soil samples contaminated with explosive residue. It has been cataloged but no use has been found for it yet.
References
Author
Page authored by Krystal Hess, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.
