Streptococcus dysgalactiae: Difference between revisions
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==Genome structure== | ==Genome structure== | ||
The genome of ''Streptococcus dysgalactiae'' (strain NS3396) includes a linear chromosome of 38,528 bp and has an average of 37.48% GC content, also known as guanine-cytosine content. [8] This was completed just recently in the year 2007. | |||
Comparative genomic analysis has revealed many significant similarities between the genomes of ''Streptococcus dysgalactiae'' and those of group A streptococci (GAS).In addition, a large proportion of the open reading frames (ORFs), 83%, corresponds to hypothetical phage proteins and well- known phage proteins. [8] This reveals that not only ''Streptococcus dysgalactiae'' and GAS are closely related, but they are also part of the lactic acid bacteria, bacteria that uses lactic acid metabolism. [9] | |||
While the genomes between both groups have close resemblance, there are four regions on ''Streptococcus dysgalactiae'' that shows little or no similarities with GAS. The first region, contains ORF3 to ORF7, which codes the lysogeny module. Researchers concluded that this region shows high levels of nucleotide diversity.[9] The second region contains IRF12 to ORF22, which codes for the whole DNA replication module. It is concluded that there might have been potential modular recombination events.[9] The bacteria might also have a unique methlase. The third region contains ORF45 that codes for ClustralW alignment at protein level. Researchers observed that while the first 639 amino acid are identical between S. ''dysgalactiae'' and GAS, the remaining 736 amino acid shows more variation. This suggests that there might have been a level of evolutionary adaptation for the cell wall. [9] The fourth region codes for tail fiber, host lysis, and lysogenic conversion modules, which suggest that S. dysgalactiae might have evolved a number of special proteins for the ability to attach to bacterial surface and lysis. [9] | |||
The genome structures between ''Streptococcus dysgalactiae'' and GAS also shows that there are lacteral gene transfer between both groups, which makes the species a remarkable adaptor. [9] | |||
==Cell structure and metabolism== | ==Cell structure and metabolism== |
Revision as of 05:07, 29 August 2007
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Classification
Higher order taxa
Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Streptococcus
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy |
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Description and significance
Streptococcus dysgalactiae is a member of group C streptococci (GCS). This gram-positive bacteria is commonly found on the animal and can be isolated found from udders of cows with mild mastitis, an inflammation of the mammalian breast, and from blood and tissues of lambs with polyarthritis, an inflammation of five or more joints. [240 book, S.I.] Although it is extremely rare to be found on human, it can cause meningitis, an inflammation of the protective membrane covering the central nervous system. [2,3]
The virulence factors of group C streptococci were not studied as extensively as much as other streptococci group; as a result, researchers sequenced the whole genome of one strain, NS3396. [8] The study of the sequence revealed a number of similarities between Streptococcus pyogenes, a group A streptococci (GAS), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. This allows researchers to understand the pathology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae.[8]
Genome structure
The genome of Streptococcus dysgalactiae (strain NS3396) includes a linear chromosome of 38,528 bp and has an average of 37.48% GC content, also known as guanine-cytosine content. [8] This was completed just recently in the year 2007.
Comparative genomic analysis has revealed many significant similarities between the genomes of Streptococcus dysgalactiae and those of group A streptococci (GAS).In addition, a large proportion of the open reading frames (ORFs), 83%, corresponds to hypothetical phage proteins and well- known phage proteins. [8] This reveals that not only Streptococcus dysgalactiae and GAS are closely related, but they are also part of the lactic acid bacteria, bacteria that uses lactic acid metabolism. [9]
While the genomes between both groups have close resemblance, there are four regions on Streptococcus dysgalactiae that shows little or no similarities with GAS. The first region, contains ORF3 to ORF7, which codes the lysogeny module. Researchers concluded that this region shows high levels of nucleotide diversity.[9] The second region contains IRF12 to ORF22, which codes for the whole DNA replication module. It is concluded that there might have been potential modular recombination events.[9] The bacteria might also have a unique methlase. The third region contains ORF45 that codes for ClustralW alignment at protein level. Researchers observed that while the first 639 amino acid are identical between S. dysgalactiae and GAS, the remaining 736 amino acid shows more variation. This suggests that there might have been a level of evolutionary adaptation for the cell wall. [9] The fourth region codes for tail fiber, host lysis, and lysogenic conversion modules, which suggest that S. dysgalactiae might have evolved a number of special proteins for the ability to attach to bacterial surface and lysis. [9]
The genome structures between Streptococcus dysgalactiae and GAS also shows that there are lacteral gene transfer between both groups, which makes the species a remarkable adaptor. [9]
Cell structure and metabolism
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
Ecology
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
Pathology
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
Application to Biotechnology
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?
Current Research
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required
References
Edited by student of Rachel Larsen