The Monoxenous Life Cycle Of Eimeria

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Introduction

Image of Eimeria maxima from poultry. This cell is in the sporulated oocyst stage, which is clear from the four ovals within the cell. Photograph was taken by S.J. Upton of Kansas State University. http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Oocysts02.html


By Emma Stewart-Bates


Eimeria is a genus of protozoa that are parasitic to many vertebrate animals, most often cattle, domesticated birds, goats, and sheep. These parasites contain an apical complexes and apicoplasts, organelles that allow the cell to enter a host organism. The life cycle of Eimeria is considered monoxenous, meaning that the cycle occurs in one host. The three stages of its life cycle include oocyst, sporozoite, and merozoite. They undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction during different stages of their life. Animals infected by Eimeria often develop the disease coccidiosis, which mainly causes diarrhea, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Coccidiosis is spread when an animal ingests infected tissue or is exposed to contaminated feces.[1]


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Life Cycle

Illustration of the life cycle of Eimeria. Image from the USDA website. https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md/beltsville-agricultural-research-center/animal-parasitic-diseases-laboratory/docs/coccidiosis/

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Phase Morphology

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Metabolism

The mannitol cycle occurs mainly during the sexual phase of the Eimerian life cycle. The conversion between fructose-6-phosphate and mannitol involves four enzymes. Among other activities, this metabolism powers oocyst sporulation for the Eimeria. [3]
The enzymes that function in the mannitol cycle appear to be the most active around the temperature level of the body of the host organisms. [4]

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Infection and Diagnosis

Effects on the Body

The destructive effect of an Eimeria praecox infection on the mucosal layer of the duodenum. One of the largest effects of Eimeria infection is shortening of the villi in the intestines. [5]

Treatment and Prevention

Impact on Poultry Market

Immunization

The mean number of oocysts per day of age for medicated and vaccinated birds in a study of 936,000 chickens.The medicated chickens showed one peak in oocyst counts around 35 days old, while the vaccinated chickens showed two peaks in oocyst counts around 21 days and 35 days. [6]

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ "Eimeria." The Australian Society for Parasitology Inc., 16 June 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2017.
  2. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
  3. ↑ Schmatz, D.M., Baginsky, W.F., and Turner, M.J. “Evidence for and characterization of a mannitol cycle in Eimeria tenella.” Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 32.2-3 (1989): 263-270.
  4. ↑ Schmatz, D.M., Baginsky, W.F., and Turner, M.J. “Evidence for and characterization of a mannitol cycle in Eimeria tenella.” Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 32.2-3 (1989): 263-270.
  5. ↑ https://eimeriaprevention.com/news/coccidiosis-in-chickens-and-subclinical-species-of-eimeria/ “Coccidiosis in chickens: the role of subclinical species of Eimeria.” Eimeria Prevention. HIPRA, 16 Sept. 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2017.]
  6. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751998002124 Williams, R.B., W.W.H. Carlyle, D.R. Bond, and I.A.G. Brown. “The efficacy and economic benefits of ParacoxⓇ, a live attenuated anticoccidial vaccine, in commercial trials with standard broiler chickens in the United Kingdom.” International Journal for Parasitology 29(1999): 341-355. Web..]



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2017, Kenyon College.

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