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Kiranjot Kaur Bench C 43535675 Porphyromonas gingivalis

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria (Kindom) – Bacteria (Domain) – Bacteroidetes (Phylum) – Bacteroidia (Class) – Bacteroidales (Order) – Prophyeomonadaceae (Family) – Prophyromonas (Genus)

Species

P. gingivalis Type Strain ATCC 33277 (http://www.bacterio.net/index.html)

Description and significance

Porphyromonas gingivalis, previously named Bacteriodes gongivalis, is a gram negative bacterium which occurs as coccobacilli or as long rods (0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microm). This organism is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis. Although it is a natural member of the human oral microbiome it can become highly destructive and proliferate to high cell numbers. However P. gingivalis is detected rarely or in low numbers in healthy individuals. It is a secondary coloniser of dental plaque and is able to destroy periodontal tissues. It was first isolated by Slots from a human gingival sulcus. It is a non-motile bacterium and has an absolute requirement for iron for it to grow and is able to be cultured on blood agar hemin and menadione. It forms small 1 to 2mm convex colonies with brown to black pigment. P. gingivalis is a fermentative organism.

Genome structure

Using the type strain P. gingivalis has a circular genome with no plasmids found. It contains 2,354,866 nucleotides with 2154 genes and of those 2089 are protein encoding genes and 65 RNA encoding genes. This strain contains no pseudogenes and the DNA base composition is 46.5 to 48.4 mol% of G+C. The 16S rRNA sequence for this strain is X73964.

Cell structure and metabolism

P. gingivalis is a non-motile organism which requires anaerobic conditions to grow and is able to be cultured in the resence of heme and vitamin K. It gains it metabolic energy by fermenting amino acids. These organisms are late colonisers and contain multiple virulence factors allowing for their survival.

Ecology

P. gingivalis is an obligate anaerobic bacterium that resides in the oral cavity. It is a natural member of the oral microbiome and is a late coloniser. It is found in close proximity to and interacts with juxtaposing gingical tissue. This organism is able to avoid immune surveillance and is able to invade cells and tissue to allow for its replication and growth. P. gingivalis actively invades gingival epithelial cells and allowing it to maintaining viability and replicate. It is established in the periodontal pocket.

Pathology

P. gingivalis is a major pathogen in periodontitis and is part of sublingual plaque. It invades macrophages to limit exposure to the extracellular environment and is also able to evade the immune system. The strain differences in P. gingivalis can influence virulence. This pathogen has also been linked in with systemic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. It is able to invade epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscular cells. It can be aided in entering in to the circulation of the body via eating. P. gingivalis is able to invade cardiovascular cells invasion of cells allows access to host proteins and iron, which are essential for its survival. It has been found to be present in artheromas of the circulatory system. Invasion allows persistence of the pathogen in infected tissue allowing to avoid humoral and cellular responses. Intracellular survival also provides protection against antibiotics.

Application to biotechnology

Bioengineering, biotechnologically relevant enzyme/compound production, drug targets,…

Current research

Summarise some of the most recent discoveries regarding this species.

References

References examples

1. Sahm, K., MacGregor, B.J., Jørgensen, B.B., and Stahl, D.A. (1999) Sulphate reduction and vertical distribution of sulphate-reducing bacteria quantified by rRNA slotblot hybridization in a coastal marine sediment. Environ Microbiol 1: 65-74.

2. Human Oral Microbiome 1. Iron and heme utilization in Porphyromonas gingivalis. 2. Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview 3. Porphyromonas gingivalis : Its virulence and vaccine 4. Porphyromonas gingivalis: an invasive and evasive opportunistic oral pathogen 5. Invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains into vascular cells and tissue 6. An experimentally induced phlegmonous abscess by a strain of Bacteroides gingivalis in guinea pigs and mice 7. Proposal for Reclassification of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus , Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacteroides endodontalis in a New Genus, Porphyromonas 8. Genetic Heterogeneity in Bacteroides asaccharoZyticus (Holdeman and Moore 1970) Finegold and Barnes 1977 (Approved Lists, 1980) and Proposal of Bacterozdes gingiualis sp. nov. and Bacteroides macacae (Slots and Genco) comb. nov. 9. The predominant cultivable microflora of advanced periodontitis 10. Porphyromonas gingivalis: An Overview of Periodontopathic Pathogen below the Gum Line 11. Defining the role of Porphyromonas gingivalispeptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) in rheumatoid arthritis through the study of PPAD biology 12. Proteomics of Porphyromonas gingivaliswithin a model oral microbial community 13. Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain W83 14. Genetic transformation of Porphytomonas gingivalis by electroporation. 15. http://biocyc.org/organism-summary?object=PGIN431947 16. Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Contains Multiple Lipid A Species That Functionally Interact with Both Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 17. Application of 16O/18O reverse proteolytic labeling to determine the effect of biofilm culture on the cell envelope proteome of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 18. Attenuation of the Virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Using a Specific Synthetic Kgp Protease Inhibitor 19. Modulation Of Inflammasome Activity By Porphyromonas Gingivalis In Periodontitis And Associated Systemic Diseases 20. Functional Analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 CRISPR-Cas Systems 21. Unprimed, M1 and M2 Macrophages Differentially Interact withPorphyromonas gingivalis 22. Assessment of outer membrane vesicles of periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis as possible mucosal immunogen 23. Functional Advantages of Porphyromonas gingivalis Vesicles 24. Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY in Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Periodontitis 25. HmuY is an important virulence factor for Porphyromonas gingivalis growth in the heme-limited host environment and infection of macrophages

This page is written by Kiranjot Kaur for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016