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==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
Named after french biologist Adrien Veillon who first discovered the species in 1898<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>'''[ and 1st ref of genome paper]''', ''Veillonella parvula'' is a gram negative bacteria is found in many of the microenvironments of the human body, but is most common and well described in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract '''[REF]'''. It comes from the ''Negativicutes'' class which has a perculiar gram negative cell wall despite being a part of the ''Firmicutes'' phyla, in which the majority of species are gram positive. ''V. parvula'' is anaerobic, auxotrophic, lactate fermenting and  cocci shaped <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>'''[KEGG, genome paper and other REFs]'''. The species is small at 0.3-0.5um<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.
Named after french biologist Adrien Veillon who first discovered the species in 1898<ref name="LPNSN" /><sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>'''[ and 1st ref of genome paper]''', ''Veillonella parvula'' is a gram negative bacteria is found in many of the microenvironments of the human body, but is most common and well described in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract '''[REF]'''. It comes from the ''Negativicutes'' class which has a perculiar gram negative cell wall despite being a part of the ''Firmicutes'' phyla, in which the majority of species are gram positive. ''V. parvula'' is anaerobic, auxotrophic, lactate fermenting and  cocci shaped <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>'''[KEGG, genome paper and other REFs]'''. The species is small at 0.3-0.5um<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.


''Veillonella parvula'' is known for its close association with ''Streptococcus'' species (in particular ''S.sanguinus'')'''[REF]'''. As ''V. parvula'' ferments lactate, a common byproduct of anaerobic respiration in bacteria, it has a commensual relationship with ''Streptococcus spp.'' where it will bind to the surface of the cells and metabolise the lactate as it is produced. This benefits ''V. parvula'' as it does not have to compete for resources. Coaggregation of ''Veillonella spp.'' with certain ''Streptococcus spp.'' (each species has preferences) is also shown to promote biofilm formation '''[Veil+strep=biofilmREF]''' and the two species are known early colonisers in oral plaque communities '''[REF]'''.
''Veillonella parvula'' is known for its close association with ''Streptococcus'' species (in particular ''S.sanguinus'')'''[REF]'''. As ''V. parvula'' ferments lactate, a common byproduct of anaerobic respiration in bacteria, it has a commensual relationship with ''Streptococcus spp.'' where it will bind to the surface of the cells and metabolise the lactate as it is produced. This benefits ''V. parvula'' as it does not have to compete for resources. Coaggregation of ''Veillonella spp.'' with certain ''Streptococcus spp.'' (each species has preferences) is also shown to promote biofilm formation '''[Veil+strep=biofilmREF]''' and the two species are known early colonisers in oral plaque communities '''[REF]'''.
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2. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035260/ Gronow, S., Welnitz, S., Lapidus, A., Nolan, M., Ivanova, N., Glavina Del Rio, T., . . . Lucas, S. (2010). Complete genome sequence of Veillonella parvula type strain (Te3). Stand Genomic Sci, 2(1), 57-65. doi:10.4056/sigs.521107]
2. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035260/ Gronow, S., Welnitz, S., Lapidus, A., Nolan, M., Ivanova, N., Glavina Del Rio, T., . . . Lucas, S. (2010). Complete genome sequence of Veillonella parvula type strain (Te3). Stand Genomic Sci, 2(1), 57-65. doi:10.4056/sigs.521107]
 
<references>
3. [http://www.bacterio.net/veillonella.html List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature]
<ref name="LPNSN">[http://www.bacterio.net/veillonella.html List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature]</ref>
 
</references>
<references/>


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 03:35, 6 September 2016

Name: Callum Le Lay
Bench ID: C
Date: 31/08/2016
[1]

Graphical circular map of the genome. From outside to the center: Genes on forward strand (color by COG categories), Genes on reverse strand (color by COG categories), RNA genes (tRNAs green, rRNAs red, other RNAs black), GC content, GC skew.

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria - Terrabacteria group - Firmicutes - Negativicutes - Veillonellales - Veillonellaceae - Veillonella

Species

Veillonella parvula
Type strain: Prevot Te 3 = ATCC 10790 = DSM 2008 = JCM 12972

Description and significance

Named after french biologist Adrien Veillon who first discovered the species in 1898[2][2][ and 1st ref of genome paper], Veillonella parvula is a gram negative bacteria is found in many of the microenvironments of the human body, but is most common and well described in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract [REF]. It comes from the Negativicutes class which has a perculiar gram negative cell wall despite being a part of the Firmicutes phyla, in which the majority of species are gram positive. V. parvula is anaerobic, auxotrophic, lactate fermenting and cocci shaped [1][KEGG, genome paper and other REFs]. The species is small at 0.3-0.5um[1].

Veillonella parvula is known for its close association with Streptococcus species (in particular S.sanguinus)[REF]. As V. parvula ferments lactate, a common byproduct of anaerobic respiration in bacteria, it has a commensual relationship with Streptococcus spp. where it will bind to the surface of the cells and metabolise the lactate as it is produced. This benefits V. parvula as it does not have to compete for resources. Coaggregation of Veillonella spp. with certain Streptococcus spp. (each species has preferences) is also shown to promote biofilm formation [Veil+strep=biofilmREF] and the two species are known early colonisers in oral plaque communities [REF].

Give a general description of the species (e.g. where/when was it first discovered, where is it commonly found, has it been cultured, functional role, type of bacterium [Gram+/-], morphology, etc.) and explain why it is important to study this microorganism. Examples of citations [1], [2]

Genome structure

Select a strain for which genome information (e.g. size, plasmids, distinct genes, etc.) is available.

Cell structure and metabolism

Cell wall, biofilm formation, motility, metabolic functions.

Ecology

Aerobe/anaerobe, habitat (location in the oral cavity, potential other environments) and microbe/host interactions.

Pathology

Do these microorganisms cause disease in the oral cavity or elsewhere?

  • Periodontitis and dental caries
  • Bacterial vaginosis
  • Osteomyelitus
  • Endocarditis

Application to biotechnology

Bioengineering, biotechnologically relevant enzyme/compound production, drug targets,…

Current research

Summarise some of the most recent discoveries regarding this species.

References

1. [Veillon A, Zuber MM. Recherches sur quelques microbes strictement anaérobies et leur rôle en pathologie. Arch Med Exp 1898; 10:517-545.]

2. Gronow, S., Welnitz, S., Lapidus, A., Nolan, M., Ivanova, N., Glavina Del Rio, T., . . . Lucas, S. (2010). Complete genome sequence of Veillonella parvula type strain (Te3). Stand Genomic Sci, 2(1), 57-65. doi:10.4056/sigs.521107

  1. ↑ MICR3004
  2. ↑ List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature

Notes

TEMPORARY: TO BE DELETED AFTER FINISH

This page was written by Callum Le Lay for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016

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