Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Difference between revisions

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{{Biorealm Genus}}


==Classification==
==Classification==
[[Image:V_parahaemolyticus.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Scanning electron micrograph of ''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' Obtained from the [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp CDC Public Health Image Library]. Image credit: CDC/Janice Carr (PHIL #6934), 2005.]]


===Higher order taxa===
===Higher order taxa===


cellular organisms; Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae; Vibrio; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Bacteria (domain); Proteobacteria (phylum); Gammaproteobacteria (class); Vibrionales (order); Vibrionaceae (family); Vibrio (genus); Vibrio parahaemolyticus (species)
 
<br>
 
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


===Species===
===Species===
Line 15: Line 22:


''Vibrio parahaemolyticus''
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus''
<br>
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' is typically found in coastal waters due to its halophilic (salt-requiring) characteristics. It is found in higher concentrations during the summer.  
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' is a gram negative bacterium that is typically found in warm estuarine seawaters due to its halophilic (salt-requiring) characteristics. It is the number one leading cause of sea-food associated bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States.
<br>


''V. parahaemolyticus'' causes diarrhea upon ingestion. While the overwhelming majority of people acquire the infection by eating raw or undercooked seafood (particularly shellfish and oysters), an open wound exposed to warm seawater can facilitate ''V. parahaemolyticus'' infection.
''V. parahaemolyticus'' causes diarrhea upon ingestion. While the overwhelming majority of people acquire the infection by eating raw or undercooked seafood (particularly shellfish and oysters), an open wound exposed to warm seawater can facilitate ''V. parahaemolyticus'' infection.
<br>


Isolation of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is possible from cultures of stool, wound, or blood. Isolation from stool preferably involves a medium that contains thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts, and sucrose (TCBS agar).  
Isolation of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is possible from cultures of stool, wound, or blood. Isolation from stool preferably involves a medium that contains thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts, and sucrose (TCBS agar).


Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.
<br>
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.
 
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
Shotgun sequencing of ''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' AQ3810 is unfinished. To this date, 2 plasmids (pO3K6 and pSA19) and 2 chromosomes (chromosome I and chromosome II) are completely sequenced. The importance of plasmids to the organism's lifestyle is unknown at this point.
Does it have any plasmids?  Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?
 
<br>
 
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' AQ3810 (unfinished)<br>
<b>DNA structure</b>: other<br>
<b>Length</b>: 5,771,228 nt<br>
<b>Replicon Type</b>: chromosome<br>
<b>Created</b>: 2007/01/11<br>
 
<br>
 
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' plasmid pO3K6, complete sequence<br>
<b>DNA structure</b>: circular<br>
<b>Length</b>: 8,784 nt<br>
<b>Replicon Type</b>: plasmid<br>
<b>Replicon Name</b>: pO3K6<br>
<b>Created</b>: 2000/06/29<br>
 
<br>
 
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' plasmid pSA19, complete sequence<br>
<b>DNA structure</b>: circular<br>
<b>Length</b>: 4,839 nt<br>
<b>Replicon Type</b>: plasmid<br>
<b>Replicon Name</b>: pSA19<br>
<b>Created</b>: 1996/05/23<br>
 
<br>
 
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' RIMD 2210633 chromosome II, complete sequence<br>
<b>DNA structure</b>: circular<br>
<b>Length</b>: 1,877,212 nt<br>
<b>Replicon Type</b>: chromosome<br>
<b>Replicon Name</b>: II<br>
<b>Created</b>: 2003/03/10<br>
 
<br>
 
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' RIMD 2210633 chromosome I, complete sequence<br>
<b>DNA structure</b>: circular<br>
<b>Length</b>: 3,288,558 nt<br>
<b>Replicon Type</b>: chromosome<br>
<b>Replicon Name</b>: I<br>
<b>Created</b>: 2003/03/10<br>
 
<br>
 
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
<b>Cell Structure.</b> ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is a gram-negative bacterium, meaning that it has an outer membrane, inner membrane, and a thin cell wall made out of peptidoglycan that is located in the periplasm. The gram-negative cell wall may contain lipopolysaccharides, which is an important feature of pathogens and is composed of O-antigen repeating subunits, core polysaccharide, and lipid A anchor.
 
<br>
 
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
<b>Cause and Symptoms.</b> ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in the United States. Human ingestion of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' causes various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal cramping, myalgias, self-reported fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea with mucus, and bloody diarrhea (McLaughlin et al., 2005) In addition to self-limited gastroenteritis, ''V. parahaemolyticus'' infections also occur through wound exposure to organism, primary septicemia, and other infection sites (Daniels et al., 2000).
<br>


==Pathology==
<b>Hosts.</b> ''V. parahaemolyticus''is most commonly found in oysters and shellfish, including human-controlled oyster farms. Doubling time of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' at ideal conditions is one of the shortest times known for bacteria (8 to 9 minutes). The fast replication rate implies that contaminated oysters with a small colony of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' will only need a few hours to grow to an infectious dose (Daniels et al., 2000).
How does this organism cause disease?  Human, animal, plant hosts?  Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
<br>


Human ingestion of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' causes various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever, and chills.
<b>Virulence factors.</b> Thermostable direct hemolysin (encoded by <i>tdh</i> genes) and thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (encoded by <i>trh</i> genes) are produced by ''V. parahaemolyticus'' strains. Encoding of thermostable direct hemolysin virulence factors can cause beta-hemolysis of human erythrocytes, also known as the Kanagawa phenomenon. A strong link between possession of the <i>tdh</i> gene and incidents of gastroenteritis has been established in Japanese studies. Therefore, detection of <i>tdh</i> and <i>trh</i> genes is often used to determine the pathogenicity of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' strains (Martinez-Urtaza et al., 2004).
 
<br>
 
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


==Application to Biotechnology==
==Application to Biotechnology==
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes?  What are they and how are they used?
<b>Compound Production.</b> No useful compounds or enzymes have been found to be produced by ''V. parahaemolyticus'', according to the latest research.
 
<br>
 
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


==Current Research==
==Current Research==
<b>McLaughlin et al. (2005).</b> First reported cases of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' outbreak in cold-water marine environments. Rising seawater temperature may attribute to the outbreak.
<br>
<b>Martinez-Urtaza et al. (2004).</b> Comparing ''V. parahaemolyticus'' isolates from Spain with Asian and North American isolates. Results suggest that ''V. parahaemolyticus'' infections in Europe involve a unique and specific clone.
<br>


Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required
<b>Daniels et al. (2000).</b> First identification of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' serotype O3:K6 infection after outbreak in Texas. Authors attributed rising seawater temperatures and salinity levels to the ''V. parahaemolyticus'' outbreak.
 
<br>
 
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano


==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/vibrioparahaemolyticus_g.htm "Disease Listing, ''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'', General Info". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 25, 2005.]
<br>
 
[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp CDC Public Health Image Library]
<br>
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome Entrez Genome]
<br>
 
[http://130.14.29.110/Taxonomy/ NCBI Taxonomy]
<br>
 
[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/284/12/1541 Daniels, N.A., B. Ray, et al. (2000). "Emergence of a new Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype in raw oysters: A prevention quandary." <u>Jama</u> <b>284</b>(12): 1541-5.]
<br>
 
[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/14/1463 McLaughlin, J.B., A. DePaola, et al. (2005). "Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters." <u>N Engl J Med</u> <b>353</b>(14): 1463-70]
<br>


[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/vibrioparahaemolyticus_g.htm "Disease Listing, ''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'', General Info". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 25, 2005.]
[http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/42/10/4672?view=long&pmid=15472326 Martinez-Urtaza, J., A. Lozano-Leon, et al. (2004) "Characterization of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical sources in Spain and comparison with Asian and North American pandemic isolates." <u>J Clin Microbiol</u> <b>42</b>(10):4672-8]


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano
Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano

Latest revision as of 20:21, 6 May 2011

This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Classification

Scanning electron micrograph of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Obtained from the CDC Public Health Image Library. Image credit: CDC/Janice Carr (PHIL #6934), 2005.

Higher order taxa

Bacteria (domain); Proteobacteria (phylum); Gammaproteobacteria (class); Vibrionales (order); Vibrionaceae (family); Vibrio (genus); Vibrio parahaemolyticus (species)


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Vibrio parahaemolyticus


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Description and significance

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram negative bacterium that is typically found in warm estuarine seawaters due to its halophilic (salt-requiring) characteristics. It is the number one leading cause of sea-food associated bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States.

V. parahaemolyticus causes diarrhea upon ingestion. While the overwhelming majority of people acquire the infection by eating raw or undercooked seafood (particularly shellfish and oysters), an open wound exposed to warm seawater can facilitate V. parahaemolyticus infection.

Isolation of V. parahaemolyticus is possible from cultures of stool, wound, or blood. Isolation from stool preferably involves a medium that contains thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts, and sucrose (TCBS agar).


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Genome structure

Shotgun sequencing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus AQ3810 is unfinished. To this date, 2 plasmids (pO3K6 and pSA19) and 2 chromosomes (chromosome I and chromosome II) are completely sequenced. The importance of plasmids to the organism's lifestyle is unknown at this point.


Vibrio parahaemolyticus AQ3810 (unfinished)
DNA structure: other
Length: 5,771,228 nt
Replicon Type: chromosome
Created: 2007/01/11


Vibrio parahaemolyticus plasmid pO3K6, complete sequence
DNA structure: circular
Length: 8,784 nt
Replicon Type: plasmid
Replicon Name: pO3K6
Created: 2000/06/29


Vibrio parahaemolyticus plasmid pSA19, complete sequence
DNA structure: circular
Length: 4,839 nt
Replicon Type: plasmid
Replicon Name: pSA19
Created: 1996/05/23


Vibrio parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 chromosome II, complete sequence
DNA structure: circular
Length: 1,877,212 nt
Replicon Type: chromosome
Replicon Name: II
Created: 2003/03/10


Vibrio parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 chromosome I, complete sequence
DNA structure: circular
Length: 3,288,558 nt
Replicon Type: chromosome
Replicon Name: I
Created: 2003/03/10


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Cell structure and metabolism

Cell Structure. V. parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative bacterium, meaning that it has an outer membrane, inner membrane, and a thin cell wall made out of peptidoglycan that is located in the periplasm. The gram-negative cell wall may contain lipopolysaccharides, which is an important feature of pathogens and is composed of O-antigen repeating subunits, core polysaccharide, and lipid A anchor.


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Ecology

Cause and Symptoms. V. parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in the United States. Human ingestion of V. parahaemolyticus causes various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal cramping, myalgias, self-reported fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea with mucus, and bloody diarrhea (McLaughlin et al., 2005) In addition to self-limited gastroenteritis, V. parahaemolyticus infections also occur through wound exposure to organism, primary septicemia, and other infection sites (Daniels et al., 2000).

Hosts. V. parahaemolyticusis most commonly found in oysters and shellfish, including human-controlled oyster farms. Doubling time of V. parahaemolyticus at ideal conditions is one of the shortest times known for bacteria (8 to 9 minutes). The fast replication rate implies that contaminated oysters with a small colony of V. parahaemolyticus will only need a few hours to grow to an infectious dose (Daniels et al., 2000).

Virulence factors. Thermostable direct hemolysin (encoded by tdh genes) and thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (encoded by trh genes) are produced by V. parahaemolyticus strains. Encoding of thermostable direct hemolysin virulence factors can cause beta-hemolysis of human erythrocytes, also known as the Kanagawa phenomenon. A strong link between possession of the tdh gene and incidents of gastroenteritis has been established in Japanese studies. Therefore, detection of tdh and trh genes is often used to determine the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus strains (Martinez-Urtaza et al., 2004).


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Application to Biotechnology

Compound Production. No useful compounds or enzymes have been found to be produced by V. parahaemolyticus, according to the latest research.


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Current Research

McLaughlin et al. (2005). First reported cases of V. parahaemolyticus outbreak in cold-water marine environments. Rising seawater temperature may attribute to the outbreak.

Martinez-Urtaza et al. (2004). Comparing V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Spain with Asian and North American isolates. Results suggest that V. parahaemolyticus infections in Europe involve a unique and specific clone.

Daniels et al. (2000). First identification of V. parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 infection after outbreak in Texas. Authors attributed rising seawater temperatures and salinity levels to the V. parahaemolyticus outbreak.


Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

References

"Disease Listing, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, General Info". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 25, 2005.

CDC Public Health Image Library

Entrez Genome

NCBI Taxonomy

Daniels, N.A., B. Ray, et al. (2000). "Emergence of a new Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype in raw oysters: A prevention quandary." Jama 284(12): 1541-5.

McLaughlin, J.B., A. DePaola, et al. (2005). "Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters." N Engl J Med 353(14): 1463-70

Martinez-Urtaza, J., A. Lozano-Leon, et al. (2004) "Characterization of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical sources in Spain and comparison with Asian and North American pandemic isolates." J Clin Microbiol 42(10):4672-8

Edited by Hau-Chen Lee, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano