Zoonosis: Brucellosis in Animals and Humans: Difference between revisions
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
<br>By Hannah Wedig<br><br> | <br>By Hannah Wedig<br><br> | ||
<br> [[Image: | <br> [[Image:BPPH.jpg|thumb|300px|right| <b>Figure 1.</b> The phylogeny of the genus <i>Brucella</i> aligned with the phylogeny of their respective, preferred host species. The width of the cones in the <i>Brucella</i> phylogeny is proportional to the number of strains analyzed for that species. The host phylogeny is represented in millions of years. <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026726/. Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. <i>Front Microbiol.</i> 5: 213.]</ref>]] | ||
<br> [[Image:BM.jpg|thumb|300px|right| <b>Figure 2.</b> Colored scanning electron micrograph of <i>B. melitensis</i>. All <i>Brucella</i> species are non-flagellated, Gram-negative coccobacilli. <ref>[http://bioinfo.bisr.res.in/project/dofpath/images/bacteria/Brucella%20melitensis.jpg. "Brucella Melitensis." <i>Database of Bacterial Food Pathogen.</i> Birla Institute of Scientific Research, 2015.]</ref> | |||
<ref>[http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D12397.PDF. Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife. 2013. Godfroid, J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Saegerman, C., Blasco, J. M. <i>Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz.</i> 32 (1): 27-42]</ref>]] | |||
<br> [[Image: | <br> [[Image:bdist.png|thumb|500px|right|<b>Figure 3.</b> Global occurrences of Brucellosis in humans. The highest incidences are recorded in Syria (1603.4 incidences per 1M people per year), Mongolia (605.9 incidences per 1M people per year), and Kyrgyzstan (362.2 incidences per 1M people per year). The incidence of Brucellosis in the United States is 0.4 per 1M people per year. <ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040317#pmed-0040317-g001 Ariza, J., Bosilkovski, M., Cascio, A., Colmenero, J. D. <i>et al.</i> "Perspectives for the Treatment of Brucellosis in the 21st Century: The Ioannina Recommendations." 2008. PLoS Med 4(12): e317]</ref>]] | ||
<br> [[Image: | <br> [[Image:BTP.jpg|thumb|300px|right| <b>Figure 4.</b> The various transmission pathways of <i>B. melitensis</i>. Pasteurization, fermentation, exposure to sunlight, and infection of certain paratenic hosts such as horses or humans are considered dead ends in that they either kill or prevent significant transmission of <i>Brucella</i>. <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026726/. Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. <i>Front Microbiol.</i> 5: 213.]</ref>]] | ||
<br> [[Image:RBE.jpg|thumb|300px|right| <b>Figure 5.</b> Predictions for the development of vaccine-resistant <i>Brucella</i>. <b>(A)</b> The blue line represents the normal strain, the red line represents the resistant strain. The solid lines refer to the prevalence, the dotted lines refer to the basic reproductive rate. <b>(B)</b> Vaccines with lower than 75% efficacy pose a risk for the evolution of vaccine-resistant strains. <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026726/. Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. <i>Front Microbiol.</i> 5: 213.]</ref>]] | <br> [[Image:RBE.jpg|thumb|300px|right| <b>Figure 5.</b> Predictions for the development of vaccine-resistant <i>Brucella</i>. <b>(A)</b> The blue line represents the normal strain, the red line represents the resistant strain. The solid lines refer to the prevalence, the dotted lines refer to the basic reproductive rate. <b>(B)</b> Vaccines with lower than 75% efficacy pose a risk for the evolution of vaccine-resistant strains. <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026726/. Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. <i>Front Microbiol.</i> 5: 213.]</ref>]] | ||
Revision as of 15:51, 27 April 2017
Introduction
By Hannah Wedig
Figure 1. The phylogeny of the genus Brucella aligned with the phylogeny of their respective, preferred host species. The width of the cones in the Brucella phylogeny is proportional to the number of strains analyzed for that species. The host phylogeny is represented in millions of years. [1]
Figure 3. Global occurrences of Brucellosis in humans. The highest incidences are recorded in Syria (1603.4 incidences per 1M people per year), Mongolia (605.9 incidences per 1M people per year), and Kyrgyzstan (362.2 incidences per 1M people per year). The incidence of Brucellosis in the United States is 0.4 per 1M people per year. [4]
Figure 4. The various transmission pathways of B. melitensis. Pasteurization, fermentation, exposure to sunlight, and infection of certain paratenic hosts such as horses or humans are considered dead ends in that they either kill or prevent significant transmission of Brucella. [5]
Figure 5. Predictions for the development of vaccine-resistant Brucella. (A) The blue line represents the normal strain, the red line represents the resistant strain. The solid lines refer to the prevalence, the dotted lines refer to the basic reproductive rate. (B) Vaccines with lower than 75% efficacy pose a risk for the evolution of vaccine-resistant strains. [6]
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- ↑ Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. Front Microbiol. 5: 213.
- ↑ "Brucella Melitensis." Database of Bacterial Food Pathogen. Birla Institute of Scientific Research, 2015.
- ↑ Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife. 2013. Godfroid, J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Saegerman, C., Blasco, J. M. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 32 (1): 27-42
- ↑ Ariza, J., Bosilkovski, M., Cascio, A., Colmenero, J. D. et al. "Perspectives for the Treatment of Brucellosis in the 21st Century: The Ioannina Recommendations." 2008. PLoS Med 4(12): e317
- ↑ Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. Front Microbiol. 5: 213.
- ↑ Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. Front Microbiol. 5: 213.
- ↑ Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
- ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2017, Kenyon College.
