Zoonosis: Brucellosis in Animals and Humans: Difference between revisions

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<br>By Hannah Wedig<br><br>
<br>By Hannah Wedig<br><br>


Brucellosis is among the most common and highly contagious zoonoses. Zoonoses are diseases which can be transmitted from animals to humans. <ref name = “Seleem”>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113509003058. Seleem, M. N., Boyle, S. M., Sriranganathan, N. 2010. Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i> 140:392–398.]</ref> In the case of brucellosis, mammals – domestic, wild, terrestrial, and marine – are capable of transmitting the disease. <ref name = “Seleem”>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113509003058. Seleem, M. N., Boyle, S. M., Sriranganathan, N. 2010. Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i> 140:392–398.]</ref> <ref name = "Taleski">[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811350200250X. Taleski, V., Zerva, L., Kantardijev, T., Cvetnic, Z., Erski-Biljic, M. et al. 2002. An overview of the epidemiology and epizootiology of brucellosis in selected countries of Central and Southeast Europe. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i> 90:147–155.]</ref> Brucellosis is caused by certain species of bacteria in the genus <i>Brucella</i>, the most common and virulent of which are <i>B. melitensis, B. suis,</i> and <i>B. abortus</i> (Figure 1). <ref name = "Hagan">Hagan, W. A., Bruner, W. D. <i>Hagan and Bruner’s Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility</i>. Ithaca: Comstock Publ., 1992. Print.</ref> <ref name = "Young">[http://www.antimicrobe.org/new/b87.asp. Young, E. J., M.D. “Brucella species (Brucellosis).” Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents. Antimicrobe, 2014 Web.]</ref> The genus <i>Brucella</i> is within the class <i>α-Proteobacteria</i>, which includes many bacterial parasites of both plants and animals. <ref name = "Moreno and Moriyon">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117501/. Moreno, E. and Moriyon, I. 2002. <i>Brucella melitensis</i>: A nasty bug with hidden credentials for virulence. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.</i> 99:1–3.]</ref> <br><br>All <i>Brucella</i> are miniscule (≈ 0.5µm-1.5µm in diameter), sessile, Gram-negative coccobacilli, and are facultative intracellular pathogens (Figure 2). <ref name = "Godfroid">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23837363. Godfroid, J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Saegerman, C., Blasco, J. M. 2013. Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife. <i>Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz.</i>, 32:27–42.]</ref> <ref name = "Hagan">Hagan, W. A., Bruner, W. D. <i>Hagan and Bruner’s Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility</i>. Ithaca: Comstock Publ., 1992. Print.</ref> When cultured, <i>Brucella</i> colonies appear either smooth or rough. Smooth colonies are more common in the virulent species of <i>Brucella</i> (e.g. <i>B. melitensis, suis</i>, and <i>abortus</i>), and rough colonies are associated with non-virulent species. The rough morphotype is attributed to a lipopolysaccharide molecule that elicits strong immune responses in animals, which may explain why it is associated with the non-virulent species. <ref name = "Schurig">[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113502002559. Schurig, G. G., Sriranganathan, N., Corbel, M. J. 2002. Brucellosis vaccines: past, present and future. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i>, 90:479–496.]</ref> <br><br><i>Brucella</i> are capable of surviving, but rarely reproduce, in external environments for well over a year given the appropriate conditions. <ref name = "BM">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_melitensis.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella melitensis.” <i>Brucella melitensis</i> (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref> They fare best in environments with a pH greater than 5.5, high humidity, and, most especially, freezing temperatures <ref name = "BM">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_melitensis.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella melitensis.” Brucella melitensis (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref> <ref name = "BA">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_abortus.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella abortus.” <i>Brucella abortus</i> (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref> In animals, Brucella can be found all over the globe, with notably high occurrences in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.<ref name = "BM">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_melitensis.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella melitensis.” Brucella melitensis (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref>  The highest incidences of Brucella in humans are recorded in Syria and Mongolia (Figure 3) <ref name = "Ariza">[http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040317#pmed-0040317-g001. Ariza, J., Bosilkovski, M., Cascio, A., Colmenero, J. D., Corbel, M. J., Falagas, M. E., <i>et al.</i> 2007. Perspectives for the Treatment of Brucellosis in the 21st Century: The Ioannina Recommendations. <i>PLoS Med</i> 4(12):317.]</ref> <br><br>The first concrete documentation of brucellosis symptoms in humans occurred in the 1850’s when a British Army surgeon, Dr. Jeffrey Marston, described a fever he had, the symptoms of which differed from any other known fever at the time <ref name = “Moreno”>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026726/. Moreno, E. 2014. Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. <i>Front Microbiol.</i>, 5:1–18.]</ref> <ref name = “Wyatt 2013”>[https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D12396.PDF. Wyatt, H. V. 2013. Lessons from the history of brucellosis. <i>Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz.</i>, 32:17–25.]</ref>
Brucellosis is among the most common and highly contagious zoonoses. Zoonoses are diseases which can be transmitted from animals to humans. <ref name = “Seleem”>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113509003058. Seleem, M. N., Boyle, S. M., Sriranganathan, N. 2010. Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i> 140:392–398.]</ref> In the case of brucellosis, mammals – domestic, wild, terrestrial, and marine – are capable of transmitting the disease. <ref name = “Seleem”>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113509003058. Seleem, M. N., Boyle, S. M., Sriranganathan, N. 2010. Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i> 140:392–398.]</ref> <ref name = "Taleski">[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811350200250X. Taleski, V., Zerva, L., Kantardijev, T., Cvetnic, Z., Erski-Biljic, M. et al. 2002. An overview of the epidemiology and epizootiology of brucellosis in selected countries of Central and Southeast Europe. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i> 90:147–155.]</ref> Brucellosis is caused by certain species of bacteria in the genus <i>Brucella</i>, the most common and virulent of which are <i>B. melitensis, B. suis,</i> and <i>B. abortus</i> (Figure 1). <ref name = "Hagan">Hagan, W. A., Bruner, W. D. <i>Hagan and Bruner’s Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility</i>. Ithaca: Comstock Publ., 1992. Print.</ref> <ref name = "Young">[http://www.antimicrobe.org/new/b87.asp. Young, E. J., M.D. “Brucella species (Brucellosis).” Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents. Antimicrobe, 2014 Web.]</ref> The genus <i>Brucella</i> is within the class <i>α-Proteobacteria</i>, which includes many bacterial parasites of both plants and animals. <ref name = "Moreno and Moriyon">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117501/. Moreno, E. and Moriyon, I. 2002. <i>Brucella melitensis</i>: A nasty bug with hidden credentials for virulence. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.</i> 99:1–3.]</ref> <br><br>All <i>Brucella</i> are miniscule (≈ 0.5µm-1.5µm in diameter), sessile, Gram-negative coccobacilli, and are facultative intracellular pathogens (Figure 2). <ref name = "Godfroid">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23837363. Godfroid, J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Saegerman, C., Blasco, J. M. 2013. Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife. <i>Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz.</i>, 32:27–42.]</ref> <ref name = "Hagan">Hagan, W. A., Bruner, W. D. <i>Hagan and Bruner’s Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility</i>. Ithaca: Comstock Publ., 1992. Print.</ref> When cultured, <i>Brucella</i> colonies appear either smooth or rough. Smooth colonies are more common in the virulent species of <i>Brucella</i> (e.g. <i>B. melitensis, suis</i>, and <i>abortus</i>), and rough colonies are associated with non-virulent species. The rough morphotype is attributed to a lipopolysaccharide molecule that elicits strong immune responses in animals, which may explain why it is associated with the non-virulent species. <ref name = "Schurig">[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113502002559. Schurig, G. G., Sriranganathan, N., Corbel, M. J. 2002. Brucellosis vaccines: past, present and future. <i>Veterinary Microbiology</i>, 90:479–496.]</ref> <br><br><i>Brucella</i> are capable of surviving, but rarely reproduce, in external environments for well over a year given the appropriate conditions. <ref name = "BM">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_melitensis.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella melitensis.” <i>Brucella melitensis</i> (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref> They fare best in environments with a pH greater than 5.5, high humidity, and, most especially, freezing temperatures <ref name = "BM">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_melitensis.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella melitensis.” Brucella melitensis (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref> <ref name = "BA">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_abortus.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella abortus.” <i>Brucella abortus</i> (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref> In animals, Brucella can be found all over the globe, with notably high occurrences in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.<ref name = "BM">[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zM_Gracilicutes/Brucella/Brucella_melitensis.htm. Bourne, D. “Brucella melitensis.” Brucella melitensis (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.]</ref>  The highest incidences of Brucella in humans are recorded in Syria and Mongolia (Figure 3) <ref name = "Ariza">[http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040317#pmed-0040317-g001. Ariza, J., Bosilkovski, M., Cascio, A., Colmenero, J. D., Corbel, M. J., Falagas, M. E., <i>et al.</i> 2007. Perspectives for the Treatment of Brucellosis in the 21st Century: The Ioannina Recommendations. <i>PLoS Med</i> 4(12):317.]</ref> <br><br>The first concrete documentation of brucellosis symptoms in humans occurred in the 1850’s when a British Army surgeon, Dr. Jeffrey Marston, described a fever he had, the symptoms of which differed from any other known fever at the time <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026726/. Moreno, E. 2014. Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. <i>Front Microbiol.</i>, 5:1–18.]</ref> <ref>[https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D12396.PDF. Wyatt, H. V. 2013. Lessons from the history of brucellosis. <i>Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz.</i>, 32:17–25.]</ref>




Revision as of 20:27, 27 April 2017

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Introduction


By Hannah Wedig

Brucellosis is among the most common and highly contagious zoonoses. Zoonoses are diseases which can be transmitted from animals to humans. [1] In the case of brucellosis, mammals – domestic, wild, terrestrial, and marine – are capable of transmitting the disease. [1] [2] Brucellosis is caused by certain species of bacteria in the genus Brucella, the most common and virulent of which are B. melitensis, B. suis, and B. abortus (Figure 1). [3] [4] The genus Brucella is within the class α-Proteobacteria, which includes many bacterial parasites of both plants and animals. [5]

All Brucella are miniscule (≈ 0.5µm-1.5µm in diameter), sessile, Gram-negative coccobacilli, and are facultative intracellular pathogens (Figure 2). [6] [3] When cultured, Brucella colonies appear either smooth or rough. Smooth colonies are more common in the virulent species of Brucella (e.g. B. melitensis, suis, and abortus), and rough colonies are associated with non-virulent species. The rough morphotype is attributed to a lipopolysaccharide molecule that elicits strong immune responses in animals, which may explain why it is associated with the non-virulent species. [7]

Brucella are capable of surviving, but rarely reproduce, in external environments for well over a year given the appropriate conditions. [8] They fare best in environments with a pH greater than 5.5, high humidity, and, most especially, freezing temperatures [8] [9] In animals, Brucella can be found all over the globe, with notably high occurrences in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.[8] The highest incidences of Brucella in humans are recorded in Syria and Mongolia (Figure 3) [10]

The first concrete documentation of brucellosis symptoms in humans occurred in the 1850’s when a British Army surgeon, Dr. Jeffrey Marston, described a fever he had, the symptoms of which differed from any other known fever at the time [11] [12]



Figure 1. The phylogeny of the genus Brucella aligned with the phylogeny of their respective, preferred host species. The width of the cones in the Brucella phylogeny is proportional to the number of strains analyzed for that species. The host phylogeny is represented in millions of years. [13]


Figure 2. Colored scanning electron micrograph of B. melitensis. All Brucella species are non-flagellated, Gram-negative coccobacilli. [14] [15]


Figure 3. Global occurrences of Brucellosis in humans. The highest incidences are recorded in Syria (1603.4 incidences per 1M people per year), Mongolia (605.9 incidences per 1M people per year), and Kyrgyzstan (362.2 incidences per 1M people per year). The incidence of Brucellosis in the United States is 0.4 per 1M people per year. [16]


Figure 4. The various transmission pathways of B. melitensis. Pasteurization, fermentation, exposure to sunlight, and infection of certain paratenic hosts such as horses or humans are considered dead ends in that they either kill or prevent significant transmission of Brucella. [17]


Figure 5. Predictions for the development of vaccine-resistant Brucella. (A) The blue line represents the normal strain, the red line represents the resistant strain. The solid lines refer to the prevalence, the dotted lines refer to the basic reproductive rate. (B) Vaccines with lower than 75% efficacy pose a risk for the evolution of vaccine-resistant strains. [18]


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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Seleem, M. N., Boyle, S. M., Sriranganathan, N. 2010. Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. Veterinary Microbiology 140:392–398.
  2. ↑ Taleski, V., Zerva, L., Kantardijev, T., Cvetnic, Z., Erski-Biljic, M. et al. 2002. An overview of the epidemiology and epizootiology of brucellosis in selected countries of Central and Southeast Europe. Veterinary Microbiology 90:147–155.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hagan, W. A., Bruner, W. D. Hagan and Bruner’s Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Ithaca: Comstock Publ., 1992. Print.
  4. ↑ Young, E. J., M.D. “Brucella species (Brucellosis).” Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents. Antimicrobe, 2014 Web.
  5. ↑ Moreno, E. and Moriyon, I. 2002. Brucella melitensis: A nasty bug with hidden credentials for virulence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:1–3.
  6. ↑ Godfroid, J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Saegerman, C., Blasco, J. M. 2013. Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 32:27–42.
  7. ↑ Schurig, G. G., Sriranganathan, N., Corbel, M. J. 2002. Brucellosis vaccines: past, present and future. Veterinary Microbiology, 90:479–496.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bourne, D. “Brucella melitensis.” Brucella melitensis (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BM" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BM" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Bourne, D. “Brucella abortus.” Brucella abortus (Bacterial Type). Twycross Zoo, n.d. Web.
  10. ↑ Ariza, J., Bosilkovski, M., Cascio, A., Colmenero, J. D., Corbel, M. J., Falagas, M. E., et al. 2007. Perspectives for the Treatment of Brucellosis in the 21st Century: The Ioannina Recommendations. PLoS Med 4(12):317.
  11. ↑ Moreno, E. 2014. Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. Front Microbiol., 5:1–18.
  12. ↑ Wyatt, H. V. 2013. Lessons from the history of brucellosis. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 32:17–25.
  13. ↑ Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. Front Microbiol. 5: 213.
  14. ↑ "Brucella Melitensis." Database of Bacterial Food Pathogen. Birla Institute of Scientific Research, 2015.
  15. ↑ Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife. 2013. Godfroid, J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Saegerman, C., Blasco, J. M. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 32 (1): 27-42
  16. ↑ Ariza, J., Bosilkovski, M., Cascio, A., Colmenero, J. D. et al. "Perspectives for the Treatment of Brucellosis in the 21st Century: The Ioannina Recommendations." 2008. PLoS Med 4(12): e317
  17. ↑ Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. Front Microbiol. 5: 213.
  18. ↑ Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. 2014. Moreno, E. Front Microbiol. 5: 213.
  19. ↑ Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
  20. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2017, Kenyon College.

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