Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV)
A Viral Biorealm page on the family Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV)
Baltimore Classification
Group IV: (+) sense single-stranded RNA viruses
Higher order categories
Order: Unassigned
Family: Closteroviridae
Genus: Crinivirus
Description and Significance
The Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus, CYSDV, can infect members of the family Cucurbitaceae, including all types of melons, summer and winter squash, pumpkins, gourds, and cucumbers [1]. The CYSDV symptoms develop first in older leaves and mimic water stress. Interveinal chlorosis, a yellowing between the veins, streaks the leaves. Eventually the entire leaf becomes yellow except for the veins, which remain green [2]. In certain varieties, small green spots may develop on the leaves as well. As the plant’s internal transport system breaks down, it begins to drop older leaves in attempt to preserve itself. Without enough leaves, the plant’s strength dwindles and it no longer can support or nourish its fruit. As a result, the fruits are smaller, not as sweet, and don’t ship or store as well [1]. Consequently, the CYSDV has significant economic implications on national and international agriculture. However, control is difficult because there is no chemical or biological control suitable to fight the virus. Increasing water and fertilizer, and early season insecticide application (to reduce the virus’s vector population) may help, but these remedies compromise the producer’s ability to grow a sustainable crop and are incredibly costly [1].
Genome Structure
The CYSDV genome consists of two molecules of (+) sense ssRNA designated RNA1 and RNA2.
Although over seventy isolates of the CYSDV have been identified around the world, in countries including Spain, Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and North America, two genetically distinct subpopulations have been identified. The two subpopulations are the so-called Eastern subpopulation, composed of the Saudia Arabian isolates and the Western subpopulation, containing the rest of the CYSDV isolates [2] [4]. The genomes of many of the isolates have yet to be sequenced. However, the complete nucleotide (nt) sequences of genomic RNAs 1 and 2 of for the Spanish isolate CYSDV-AlLM are known.
RNA1 in the Spanish isolate CYSDV-AILM is 9123 nt long and contains at least five open reading frames (ORFs) [5]. RNA2 is 7976 nt long and contains the gene array distinctive to the family Closteroviridae,
characterized by ORFs encoding a heat shock protein 70 homologue (HSP70h), two proteins of unknown function (58 and p9), the major coat protein (CP) and a divergent copy of the coat protein (CPm) [2] [4] [5].
Virion Structure of CYSDV
The CYSDV particles are non-enveloped, flexuous rods 750-800 nm in length. The virion body is assembled by the major capsid protein (CP) and the tail by the minor capsid protein (CPm). The virus ecapsidates 2 molecules of (+)sense ssRNA, designated RNA1 and RNA2 [2].
Reproductive Cycle of CYSDV in a Host Cell
Little is specifically known about the CYSDV reproductive cycle, but members of the family Closteroviridae generally replicate in this way:
1. Virus penetrates into the host cell. Like other plant viruses, the CYSDV requires mechanical transmission, such as abrasions of the leaf surface by the feeding of an insect, to infect their hosts. The CYSDV is transfered into the host through the saliva of its vector, Bemicia tabaci, the whitefly, which feeds on the leaves of the host plant. The host range of the CYSDV is limited to members of the family Cucurbitaceae.
2. Uncoating, and release of the viral genomic RNA into the cytoplasm. The precise process of uncoating the CYSDV genome remains unclear.
3. The viral RNA is translated in the cytoplasm by host ribosomes to make RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
4. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase uses the viral RNA template to make (-) strand RNA (complementary to the [+] strand) to form a double-stranded RNA intermediate. The (-)strand RNA serves as a template for viral mRNAs, and progeny genomic RNA.
5. Formation of new virus particles. The virion body is assembled by the major capsid protein (CP) and the tail by the minor capsid protein (CPm) [3] [6].
6. Release of progeny virions. The CYSDV virions spread to unifected cells by traveling through plasmodesmata.
Viral Ecology & Pathology
CYSDV induces interveinal chlorotic (yellow) spots in mature leaves of its host, members of the Cucurbitaceae family. The yellow spots enlarge and may eventually coalesce, resulting in the yellowing of the entire leaf except for the veins which remain green. In some instances, the leaves will sometimes roll up and become brittle. In attempt to save itself, the infected plant often drops its older leaves. Without enough leaves, the plant’s strength dwindles and it no longer can support or nourish its fruit. As a result, the fruits are smaller, not as sweet, and don’t ship or store as well.
Historically, CYSDV was first detected in Spain in 1992. Since then, it has become a prevalent virus in cucurbit crops of Southeastern regions in Spain, where frequently up to 100% of plants are infected [2]. CYSDV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci. All biotypes of B. tabaci known to exist in North America can transmit the virus efficiently, including biotypes A, B and Q. Whitefly transmission is entirely responsible for virus spread over short distances (e.g., within and between fields). CYSDV spreads over long distances through the movement of infected plants, especially cucurbit transplants. Because it can take 3 to 4 weeks for disease symptoms to become detectable, infected symptomless plants can be transported unknowingly. Another way the virus can spread over long distance is through the whitefly vector, which can travel long distances, especially with high winds. Spread is possible because the virus can remain virulent within the vector for up to nine days [7].
Although CYSDV has a relatively narrow host range, it was able to overwinter in California and Arizona in 2006-2007, becoming a national and international agriculture threat [7]. Control is difficult because there is no chemical or biological control suitable to fight the virus. Measurements can be taken before, during and after growing season to reduce the spread of CYSDV. Before growing season, it is important to select pathogen-free, high quality seeds. During growing season, it is imperative to apply insecticide (to reduce the virus's vector population). It may also help to increase water and fertilizer during the growing season. After the growing season, sanitation of old plants is important to minimize development of insecticide resistance [7]. However, all of these measurements are costly and often compromise the producer's ability to grow a sustainable crop [1].
References
[1] McGinley, Susan. 2010. "New virus attacks melons, cucumbers, and squash." Western Farm Press. http://westernfarmpress.com/new-virus-attacks-melons-cucumbers-and-squash-0. Date accessed: 6 Sept. 2010.
[2] Auguilar, Juan M. et al. Resistance to Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in Cucumber. Plant Diseases. 90.5 (2006): 583.
[3] "Viral Zone: Closteroviridae". ExPASY Proteomics Server. http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/34.html. Accessed on: 7 Sept. 2010.
[4] Rubio, Luis et al. Geographically distant isolates of the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus show very low genetic diversity in the coat protein gene. Journal of General Virology. 82 (2001): 929.
[5] Augilar, Juan M. et al. Further variability within the genus Crinivirus, as revealed by determination of the complete RNA genome sequence of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus. Journal of General Virology. 84 (2003): 2555.
[6] Slonczewski, J.L., J.W. Foster. “Chapter 6: Virus Structure and Function.” Microbiology: An Evolving Science (2010): 193-207.
[7] "Cucurbits: Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder." UC IPM Online. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r116100211.html. Accessed on: 5 Sept 2010.
Page authored by Sally Wilson for BIOL 375 Virology, September 2010
