Human digestive evolution
Introduction=
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Section 1 Genetics
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Perhaps one of the highest-impact short-term genetic digestive change has been the evolution of a Lactase-permanence mutation (LCT). This Lactase permanence mutation, while resulting in a single phenotype, wide can arise from a range of separate SNP's (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms).
The separate incidences of LCT mutants that were positively selected for vary by region and ethnicity. These range in age from 8,000-9,000 years ago (European Populations) to 2,700-6,000 years ago (African Populations). Howvever, on average, the lactase mutation is present at much lower frequencies in African populations versus European or Middle Eastern populations. This results in higher average rates of lactose intolerance within said population. [3]
Section 2 Microbiome
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Recent research suggests that the composition of a person's microbiome may affect their ability to digest lactose to an extent. Though the sample study is notably small (8), it seems that, in part, transplanting certain beta-galactosidase expressing cultures (Such as L. acidophilus) may, in fact, reduce the severity of symptoms. Because of the incredibly early state of research on the topic, it is too early for any definitive trends or statements to be stated with much confidence [4]
Conclusion
Overall text length should be at least 1,000 words (before counting references), with at least 2 images. Include at least 5 references under Reference section.
References
- ↑ Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
- ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
- ↑ F. Luca et al. "Evolutionary Adaptations to Dietary Changes." 2014. NIHM.
- ↑ Rachel Gingold-Belfer et al., F.A. "Use of a Novel Probiotic Formulation to Alleviate Lactose Intolerance Symptoms— a Pilot Study." 2019. Springer Link 6:2634-2637.
Edited by [Daniel Frank], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2019, Kenyon College.
