User:Melissa.winkler
Classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Actinomycetales
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Arthrobacter
Species: protophormiae
Species
NCBI: Taxonomy [1]
Arthrobacter protophormiae
Habitat Information
The location in which the soil sample was obtained is in Austin, Texas, at the ACC Riverside campus, between two buildings. The exact GPS coordinates for this location are 30.237284, -97.704893. Collection was done around noon on January 26, 2018. The temperature was 57 degrees F with 81% humidity and 30.23 in of pressure. Winds were directed North and there was a slight overcast. It did not rain that day, However, it had rained five days prior. Soil was collected approximately two inches from the surface to eliminate as many rocks as possible.
Description and Significance
When cultured on an LB agar, Arthrobacter Protophormiae colonies were small yellow and raised. When testing the susceptibility to S. aureus and E.coli with the patch plate, our organism was only susceptible to S. aureus. Arthrobacter Protophormiae is an aerobic, non-motile organism commonly found in soil. Arthrobacteria are nonsporulating and are a gram-positive bacteria.
Genome Structure
Our 16S ribosomal sequence we obtained from PCR and sequencing is:
FORWARD: AGCTCGTAGGCGGTTTGTCGCGTCTGCCGTGAAAGTCCGAGGCTCAA CCTCGGATCTGCGGTGGGTACGGGCAGACTAGAGTGATGTAGGGGAGACTGGAATTCCTGGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGCA GATATCAGGAGGAACACCGATGGCGAAGGCAGGTCTCTGGGCATTTACTGACGCTGAGGAGCGAAAGCATGGGGAGCGAA CAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCATGCCGTAAACGTTGGGCACTAGGTGTGGGGGACATTCCACGTTTTCCGCGCCGTA GCTAACGCATTAAGTGCCCCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGCCGCAAGGCTAAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGC GGCGGAGCATGCGGATTAATTCGATGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAAGGCTTGACATGTTCCAGACCGCCTCAGAGATGG GGTTTCCCTTCGGGGCTGGTTCACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCA ACGAGCGCAACCCTCGTTCCATGTTGCCAGCGGGTTATGCCGGGGACTCATGGGAGACTGCCGGGGTCAACTCGGAGGAA GGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGTCTTGGGCTTCACGCATGCTACAATGGCCGGTACAATGGGTTGCG ATACTGTGAGGTGGAGCTAATCCCTAAAAGCCGGTCTCAGTTCGGATTGGGGTCTGCAACTCGACCCCATGAAGTCGGAG TCGCTAGTAATCGCAGATCAGCAACGCTGCGGTGAATACGTTCCCGGGCCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCAAGTCACGAAAG TTGGTAACACCCGAAGCCGATGGCCTAACCACCTTGTGTGGGGGGAGTCGTCGAAGGTGGGACTGGCGATTGGGACTAAG TC
REVERSE: ACGACTCCCCCCACACAAGGTGGTTAGGCCATCGGCTTCGGGTGTTACCAACTTTCGTGAC TTGACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAGGCCCGGGAACGTATTCACCGCAGCGTTGCTGATCTGCGATTACTAGCGACTCCGACTTC ATGGGGTCGAGTTGCAGACCCCAATCCGAACTGAGACCGGCTTTTAGGGATTAGCTCCACCTCACAGTATCGCAACCCAT TGTACCGGCCATTGTAGCATGCGTGAAGCCCAAGACATAAGGGGCATGATGATTTGACGTCATCCCCACCTTCCTCCGAG TTGACCCCGGCAGTCTCCCATGAGTCCCCGGCATAACCCGCTGGCAACATGGAACGAGGGTTGCGCTCGTTGCGGGACTT AACCCAACATCTCACGACACGAGCTGACGACAACCATGCACCACCTGTGAACCAGCCCCGAAGGGAAACCCCATCTCTGA GGCGGTCTGGAACATGTCAAGCCTTGGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCATCGAATTAATCCGCATGCTCCGCCGCTTGTGCGG GCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTTAGCCTTGCGGCCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGGGCACTTAATGCGTTAGCTACGGCGCGG AAAACGTGGAATGTCCCCCACACCTAGTGCCCAACGTTTACGGCATGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCC ATGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTAAATGCCCAGAGACCTGCCTTCGCCATCGGTGTTCCTCCTGATATCTGCGCATTTC ACCGCTACACCAGGAATTCCAGTCTCCCCTACATCACTCTAGTCTGCCCGTACCCACCGCAGATCCGANGTTGAGCCTCG GACTTTCACGGCAGACGCGACAAACCGCCTACGAGCTCTTTACGCCCAATAAATCCGGATAACGCTTGCGCCCTACGTAT TACCGCG
This was put into a BLAST searching database and we found our results to match the closest with Arthrobacter protophormiae
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
Arthrobacteria are nutritionally versatile, using a variety of substrates in their oxidative metabolism including nicotine, nucleic acids, and various herbicides and pesticides. The cells are able to survive under stressful conditions induced by starvation, ionizing radiation, oxygen radicals, and toxic chemicals. A distinctive feature of this genus is that the shape of the cells change during the growth cycle, typically forming rods during early growth and cocci in the later stages. Microbiologists refer to the type of cell division in which rods break into cocci as reversion. Under the microscope, these dividing cells appear as chevrons ("V" shapes).
Physiology and Pathogenesis
BIOCHEMICAL TEST RESULTS
- Phenol Red Broth Tests: Glucose: negative; Lactose: negative; Sucrose: negative
- Starch Hydrolysis Test: Positive
- Casein Hydrolysis Test: negative
- Gelatin Hydrolysis Test: negative
- DNA Hydrolysis Test: weak positive
- Methyl Red Test: Negative
- Voges Proskauer Test: Negative
- Citrate Test: Positive
- SIM Tests: Negative
- Nitrate Reduction: positive
- Urea Hydrolysis: Negative
- Triple Sugar Iron Agar: Positive
- Oxidase Test: Positive
- Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) Test:
- Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE) Test:
- MacConkey Agar Test:
- Decarboxylation Tests: Arginine: ; Lysine: ; Orinithine:
- Phenylalanine Deaminase Test:
- Catalase Test: positive
- Blood Agar Test: Negative
- Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) Test: Negative
- Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA) Test: Shows gram positive
Arthrobacter species have been isolated a few times from patients with immunodeficiencies but most strains do not appear to be pathogenic
References
Wauters, Georges et al. 2000. Identification of Arthrobacter oxydans, Arthrobacter luteolus sp. nov., and Arthrobacter albus sp. nov., Isolated from Human Clinical Specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38: 2412-2415. Funke, Guido et al. 1998. Characteristics of Arthrobacter cumminsii, the Most Frequently Encountered Arthrobacter Species in Human Clinical Specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36: 1539-1543. Funke, Guido et al. 1996. Isolation of Arthrobacter spp. from Clinical Specimens and Description of Arthrobacter cumminsii sp. nov. and Arthrobacter woluwensis sp. nov. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34: 2356-2363. Eschbach, Martin et al. 2003. Members of the genus Arthrobacter grow anaerobically using nitrate ammonification and fermentative processes: anaerobic adaptation of aerobic bacteria abundant in soil. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 223: 227-230.
Authors
Page authored by Melissa Brown and Samantha Limon, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.
