View source for Klebsiella pneumoniae

{{Biorealm Genus}}

[[Image:Klebsiella_pneumoniae_SideView.jpg‎|thumb|right|400px|Luria Agar plate streaked with ''K. pneumoniae''.  From [http://www.microbelibrary.org/asmonly/details.asp?id=2290 American Society for Microbiology]]]

==Classification==


===Higher order taxa===

<b>Domain:</b> Bacteria;<p> 
<b>Phylum:</b> Proteobacteria;</p><p>
<b>Class:</b> Gammaproteobacteria;</p><p> 
<b>Order:</b> Enterobacteriales;</p><p> 
<b>Family:</b> Enterobacteriaceae;</p><p>
<b>Genus:</b> <i>Klebsiella</i>;</p><p>
<b>Species:</b> <i>K. pneumoniae</i></p><p> 
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===Species===



''Klebsiella pneumoniae''
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'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=genome&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=21205 Complete genome here]'''
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==Description and significance==


''K. pneumoniae'' is a gram negative bacterium.  It is facultative anaerobic.  It is rod-shaped and measures 2 µm by 0.5 µm.  In 1882, Friedlander C. Uber first discovered ''Klebsiella'' to be a pathogen that caused pneumonia (8).  Many hospital cases around the world have been linked to ''K. pneumoniae''.  Therefore, more studies of the strains were important and performed.  The bacterium was isolated and sequenced from a patient in 2004.  ''K. pneumoniae'' is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and hands of hospital personnel [http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/11/4/589?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=Klebsiella+spp.+as+nosocomial+pathogen&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT (3)].  The reason for its pathogenicity is the thick capsule layer surrounding the bacterium.  It is 160 nm thick of fine fibers that protrudes out from the outer membrane at right angles  [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/170/10/4960?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=fine+structures+of+the+capsules+of+klebsiella+pneu&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT (6)] [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HTML&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04918.x (5)].  Another site on the human body that this bacteria can be found is the nasopharynx.  Its habitat is not limited to humans but is ubiquitous to the ecological environment.  This includes surface water, sewage, and soil  [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/51/3/915?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=klebsiella+pneumoniae&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT (4)].

==Genome structure==


The complete genome was determined in 2006 at the [http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Klebsiella%20pneumoniae Genome Sequencing Center] at Washington University in St. Louis.  The genome was named [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=genome&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=21205 ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' subsp. ''pneumoniae'' MGH 78578].  It includes one chromosome of 5.3 Mbp.  The GC content is 57%.  There are five plasmids, pKPN3, pKPN4, pKPN5, pKPN6, and pKPN7.  Respectively, each plasmid length is 0.18 Mbp, 0.11 Mbp, 0.089 Mbp, 0.0043 Mbp, and 0.0035 Mbp.  The DNA is circular.  The sequence of ''K. pneumoniae'' genome was found to be closely related that of ''Escherichia coli'' K-12  [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11121489 (1)].

==Cell structure and metabolism==

<b>Cell Structure:</b>
''K. pneumoniae'' contains a capsule around its cell.  Known as K antigen, it is to protect the bacteria from phagocytosis.  "''K. pneumoniae'' strains of serotypes 01:Kl, 01:K10, and O1:K16, which have only the K antigen exposed at the cell surface, resist complement-mediated killing by impeding complement activation. It is also clear that purified capsular polysaccharides (K antigen) from nine different serotypes (able or unable to mask the LPS) were unable to activate complement [http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/60/6/2529 (19)]."  In 1992, ''K. pneumoniae'' could be determined apart from other species of ''Klebsiella''.  Two oligonucleotide probes and the hydroxylated fatty acid C14:0-2OH are distinctive of ''K. pneumoniae'' [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/2/252?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=identification+of+klebsiella+pneumoniae&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT (2)].  </p>

<b><p>Metabolism:</p></b><p>Nitrogen fixation (nif) is unique to ''K. penumoniae''.  Enterobacteriaceae don't have the characteristic of nitrogen fixation.  But, ''K. pneumoniae'' can take atmospheric nitrogen gas and reduce it to ammonia and amino acids.  This was discovered by analysis of hisD-linked nif genes and hisD-unlinked nif genes [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=24272&ordinalpos=82&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum (9)].  It was later found that the structural gene for glutamine synthetase (G.S.), glnA, and a closely related glnG regulates the nif genes for nitrogenase [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6120441&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus (10)].  Another metabolic product of ''K. pneumoniae'' is 1,3-propanediol.  It is created by anaerobic fermentation (a two-step fermentation from glucose to glycerol to 1,3-propanediol) or mild aerobic fermentation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12018293&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus (11)].</p>

==Ecology==

''K. pneumoniae'' is ubiquitous as it is found in mammals and ecological environment.  It has pathogenic effects worldwide.  There is evidence of community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections in countries such as Taiwan and South Africa.  Community-acquired ''K. pneumoniae'' has been found, in some places, to be associated with alcoholism. There are a large number of infections acquired when it affects different organs of the body.  It can affect the liver, urinary tract, lungs, to name a few [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol8no2/01-0025.htm (18)].

==Pathology==

[[Image:L10.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Pneumonia caused by ''K. pneumoniae''.  From [http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/pulmonary/pneumonia-klebsiella.html Brown Medical School]]]

''K. pneumoniae'' is an important cause of human infections (Also see Description and significance).  Infections or diseases are usually nosocomial or hospital-acquired.  In 1998, ''K. pneumoniae'' and ''K. oxytoca'' accounted for 8% of nosocomial bacterial infections in
the United States and in Europe.  Diseases include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, septicemias, and soft tissue infections  [http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/11/4/589?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=Klebsiella+spp.+as+nosocomial+pathogen&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT (3)].  The diseases caused by ''K. pneumoniae'' can result in death for patients who are immunodeficient.  Differences in the diseases are determined by the different virulence factors.  For example, mucoid phenotype varies as the strains for mucoid vary [http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/7/986.htm (14)].  CPS and LPS O side chain are two of the most important virulence factors of K. pneumoniae [http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/5/2583?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=Molecular+analysis+of+the+contribution+of+the+capsular+polysaccharide+and+the+li&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT (7)].  They serve to protect the bacterium from phagocytosis by the host.  Treatment is done by antibiotics such as clinafloxacin [http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/43/8/2051?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Brisse%2C+s&titleabstract=comparative+in+vitro+activity+of+ciprofloxacin&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT (13)].  But, there are an increasing amount of antibiotic-resistance strains.  Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that is becoming less effective [http://www.springerlink.com/content/76hp9hkuu8l1pnuq/fulltext.pdf (12)].

==Current Research==

<p>(1) Currently, Steven Clegg PhD at the University of Iowa is conducting a research of identifying regulation of genes that encode for fimbriae of enteric bacteria.  ''K. pneumoniae'' is being used by taking the genes that encode for fimbriae and inserting it into and ''E. coli'' plasmid.  Since ''E. coli'' fimbriae can adhere to mucosal surfaces of eukaryotes, investigation can be conducted of the regulation of expression, proteins, and amino acids.  Understanding the growth of ''K. pneumoniae'' on eukaryotes or mucosal surface will enlighten the way of understanding biofilms of this bacterium inside of the human body.  Infections and prevention of those infections can be determined as well [http://molbio.grad.uiowa.edu/Faculty/FacultyDetail.asp?ID=6 (15)].</p>

[[Image:07-0187_1b.gif‎ |thumb|left|300px|Mucoid phenotype of ''K. pneumoniae''. From [http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/7/986.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]]

<p>(2) An outbreak of IMP-1 β-lactamase-producing ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' occurred in Japan hospitals and was acquired for investigation.  Enteric bacteria have evolved a metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) resistance.  The bacteria were once susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics except penicillins, but now developed resistance to expanded-spectrum β-lactams, because of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs).  Tests were done on antibiotics to determine the resistant and susceptible ones.  All species are resistant to β-lactams including carbapenems such as imipenem and meropenem.  The ones susceptible are those that make MBL.  Patients with the bacteria at the hospital would be given levofloxacin antibiotic of the imipenem-resistant strain.  It resulted in susceptibility.  However, MBL-producing ''K. pneumoniae'' infections in this hospital were caused by a device-related or healthcare-associated infection.  What is concluded so far is the list of sensitive drug against IMP-1 β-lactamase-producing Klebsiellan pneumoniae.  Its isolation led to the solution of proper handling at the hospital because infections are derived from growth on hospital devices during patient care [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7H-4MYMNWD-2&_user=4429&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_alid=613728034&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5059&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000059602&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4429&md5=d232ecd7606e1383a5c23a58313e3f97#secx13 (16)].</p>

<p>(3) Since the number of effective antibiotics is declining, scientists have measured the effectiveness of anti-virulence molecules on ''K. pneumoniae''.  This molecule is antibacterial; it doesn't prevent growth in vitro but prevents biosynthesis of the ''Klebsiella'' capsule and lipopolysaccharides, a the two important virulence factors.  D1 and D41 (related triazines) and D0 (inactive triazine) measured their minimal inhibitory concentration.  Growth on either D1 or D41 but not on D0 identified the extent of conservation of the virulence molecule.  Further tests can be done and extended to human use in order to find a alternative in anti-virulence if antibiotics don't work [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HTML&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1462-5822.2006.00877.x&cookieSet=1 (17)].</p>

<p>(4) A study was conducted in a Jamaican hospital over a 5 year period that led to the conclusion that ''K. pneumoniae'' showed endemic persistence of select clones. This led to the prediction that this organism is transferred from patients to patients and from health care workers to patients. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824695/?tool=pubmed (20)].</p>

==References==
(1) [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11121489 McClelland, M., Florea, L., Sanderson, K., Clifton, S., Parkhill, J., Churcher, C., Dougan, G., Wilson, R., Miller, W. "Comparison of the ''Escherichia coli'' K-12 genome with sampled genomes of a ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and three ''Salmonella enterica'' serovars, Typhimurium, Typhi and Paratyphi". ''Nucleic Acids Res.''. 2000. Volume 28(24). p. 4974–4986.]<p>

(2) [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/2/252?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=identification+of+klebsiella+pneumoniae&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Spierings, G., van Silfhout, A., Hofstra, H., and Tommassen, J. "Identification of ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' by DNA hybridization and fatty acid analysis". ''International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology''. 1992. Volume 42. p. 252-256.]</p>

<p>(3) [http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/11/4/589?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=Klebsiella+spp.+as+nosocomial+pathogen&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT  Podschun, R. and Ullmann U. "''Klebsiella'' spp. as Nosocomial Pathogens: Epidemiology, Taxonomy, Typing Methods, and Pathogenicity Factors". ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. 1998. Volume 11, No. 4. p. 589-603.]</p>

<p>(4) [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/51/3/915?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=klebsiella+pneumoniae&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Brisse, S. and Verhoef, J. "Phylogenetic diversity of ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and ''Klebsiella oxytoca'' clinical isolates revealed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, gyrA and parC genes sequencing and automated ribotyping". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2001. Volume 51. p. 915–924.]</p>  

<p>(5) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HTML&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04918.x Lawlor, M., Hsu, J., Rick, P., Miller, V. "Identification of ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' virulence determinants using an intranasal infection model". ''Molecular Microbiology''. 2005. Volume 58, Issue 4. p. 1054–1073.]</p>    

<p>(6) [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/170/10/4960?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=fine+structures+of+the+capsules+of+klebsiella+pneu&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Amako, K., Meno, Y., and Takade, A. "Fine Structures of the Capsules of ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and ''Escherichia coli'' K1". ''Journal of Bacteriology''. 1988. Volume 170, No. 10. p. 4960-4962.]</p>  

<p>(7) [http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/5/2583?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=Molecular+analysis+of+the+contribution+of+the+capsular+polysaccharide+and+the+li&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT   Cortés, G., Borrell, N., de Astorza, B., Gómez, C., Sauleda, J., and Albertí, S. "Molecular Analysis of the Contribution of the Capsular Polysaccharide and the Lipopolysaccharide O Side Chain to the Virulence of ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' in a Murine Model of Pneumonia". ''Infection and Immunity''. 2002. Volume 70, No. 5. p. 2583-2590.]</p> 

<p>(8) Friedlander C. Uber die scizomyceten bei der acuten fibrosen pneumonie. Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1882. 87:319-24.</p>

<p>(9) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=24272&ordinalpos=82&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum  Hsueh CT, Chin JC, Yu YY, Chen HC, Li WC, Shen MC, Chiang CY, Shen SC. "Genetic analysis of the nitrogen fixation system in ''Klebsiella pneumoniae''". ''Sci Sin''. 1977. Volume 20, No. 6. p. 807-17.]</p> 

<p>(10) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6120441&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus Espin G, Alvarez-Morales A, Merrick M. "Complementation analysis of glnA-linked mutations which affect nitrogen fixation in ''Klebsiella pneumoniae''". ''Mol Gen Genet''. 1981. Volume 184, No. 2. p. 213-7.]</p>

<p>(11) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12018293&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus Huang, H., Gong, CS., Tsao, GT. "Production of 1,3-propanediol by ''Klebsiella pneumoniae''". ''Appl Biochem Biotechnol''. 2002. 98-100:687-98.]</p>

<p>(12)[http://www.springerlink.com/content/76hp9hkuu8l1pnuq/fulltext.pdf Brisse1, S., Milatovic1, D., Fluit, A. C., Verhoef, J. and  Schmitz, F.-J. "Epidemiology of Quinolone Resistance of ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and ''Klebsiella oxytoca'' in Europe". ''European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases''. 2000. Volume 19, Number 1. p. 64-68.]</p> 

<p>(13) [http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/43/8/2051?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Brisse%2C+s&titleabstract=comparative+in+vitro+activity+of+ciprofloxacin&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Sylvain Brisse, Dana Milatovic, Ad C. Fluit, Jan Verhoef, Nele Martin, Sybille Scheuring, Karl Köhrer, and Franz-Josef Schmitz. "Comparative In Vitro Activities of Ciprofloxacin, Clinafloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Trovafloxacin against ''Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae,'' and ''Enterobacter aerogenes'' Clinical Isolates with Alterations in GyrA and ParC Proteins." ''Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy''. 1999. Vol. 43, No. 8. p. 2051-2055.]</p> 

<p>(14) [http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/7/986.htm Victor L. Yu, Dennis S. Hansen, Wen Chien Ko, Asia Sagnimeni, Keith P. Klugman, Anne von Gottberg, Herman Goossens, Marilyn M. Wagener, and Vicente J. Benedi. "Virulence Characteristics of ''Klebsiella'' and Clinical Manifestations of ''K. pneumoniae'' Bloodstream Infections". ''Emerging Infectious Disease''. 2007. Volume 13, Number 7.]</p>

<p>(15) [http://molbio.grad.uiowa.edu/Faculty/FacultyDetail.asp?ID=6 Cleggs, S. "Adherence of enterobacteria to eucaryotic receptors" 2007.]</p>

<p>(16) [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7H-4MYMNWD-2&_user=4429&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_alid=613728034&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5059&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000059602&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4429&md5=d232ecd7606e1383a5c23a58313e3f97#secx13 Shinako Fukigaia, Jimena Albab, Soichiro Kimurab, Toshie Iidaa, Noriko Nishikuraa, Yoshikazu Ishiib,  and Keizo Yamaguchi. "Nosocomial outbreak of genetically related IMP-1 β-lactamase-producing ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' in a general hospital in Japan." ''International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents''. 2007. Volume 29, Issue 3. p. 306-310]</p>

<p>(17) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HTML&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1462-5822.2006.00877.x&cookieSet=1 Mohammed Benghezal, Eric Adam, Aurore Lucas, Christine Burn, Michael G. Orchard, Christine Deuschel, Emilio Valentino, Stéphanie Braillard, Jean-Pierre Paccaud, Pierre Cosson. "Inhibitors of bacterial virulence identified in a surrogate host model". 2007. Volume 9, Issue 5. p. 1336-1342.]</p>

<p>(18) [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol8no2/01-0025.htm Wen-Chien Ko, David L. Paterson, Anthanasia J. Sagnimeni, Dennis S. Hansen, Anne Von Gottberg, Sunita Mohapatra, Jose Maria Casellas, Herman Goossens, Lutfiye Mulazimoglu, Gordon Trenholme, Keith P. Klugman, Joseph G. McCormack, and Victor L. Yu. "Community-Acquired ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' Bacteremia: Global Differences in Clinical Patterns". 2002. Vol. 8, No. 2]</p>

<p>(19) [http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/60/6/2529 SUSANA MERINO, SILVIA CAMPRUBI, SEBASTIAN ALBERTI, VICENTE-JAVIER BENEDI, AND JUAN M. TOMAS. "Mechanisms of ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' Resistance to Complement-Mediated Killing." 1992. ''INFECTION AND IMMUNITY''. Vol. 60, No. 6. p. 2529-2535.]</p>

<p>(20) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824695/?tool=pubmed NICOLE A CHRISTIAN, KAREN ROYE-GREEN, AND MONICA SMIKLE. "Molecular epiemiology of multidrug resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' at a Jamaican hospital, 2000-2004." ''BMC Microbiology''. 2010. Vol. 10, No. 27.]</p>

Edited by Lauryn Samelko / Ashley Morawski, students of M Glogowski at Loyola University

Edited by James Tasch / Ani Michl (Loyola University Chicago)

Edited by Allyson Flores, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]

Edited by KLB