Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis: Difference between revisions
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Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with a great deal of mystery surrounding it. The exact cause of multiple sclerosis is still unknown. Having said that, multiple sclerosis has been shown to not be able to be passed down from generation to generation, implying that it is not an inherited disease. However, there still remains the risk of the disease being inherited. The genes that appear to be linked to the presence of multiple sclerosis are as follows: HLA class I and class II, T-cell-receptor α, CTLA4, ICAM1, and SH2D2A. There is an estimated 200 genes that appear to be linked to multiple sclerosis, but there is a great deal of ambiguity surrounding the idea of what precise role these genes play in the contribution to multiple sclerosis. | Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with a great deal of mystery surrounding it. The exact cause of multiple sclerosis is still unknown. Having said that, multiple sclerosis has been shown to not be able to be passed down from generation to generation, implying that it is not an inherited disease. However, there still remains the risk of the disease being inherited. The genes that appear to be linked to the presence of multiple sclerosis are as follows: HLA class I and class II, T-cell-receptor α, CTLA4, ICAM1, and SH2D2A. There is an estimated 200 genes that appear to be linked to multiple sclerosis, but there is a great deal of ambiguity surrounding the idea of what precise role these genes play in the contribution to multiple sclerosis. | ||
Familial aggregation is believed to have a pronoun effect on the contraction of multiple sclerosis. Around the late 19th century, it was found that siblings of affected individuals were 2-4% likelier to develop the disease than that of the general population (0.2%). Furthermore, in monozygotic twins, the likelihood of contracting the disease jumps to 30%. Spouses and adoptees were found to have the same likelihood as the general population, which is consistent with the idea of familial aggregation. | Familial aggregation is believed to have a pronoun effect on the contraction of multiple sclerosis. Around the late 19th century, it was found that siblings of affected individuals were 2-4% likelier to develop the disease than that of the general population (0.2%). Furthermore, in monozygotic twins, the likelihood of contracting the disease jumps to 30%. Spouses and adoptees were found to have the same likelihood as the general population, which is consistent with the idea of familial aggregation. | ||
Researchers find that the strongest evidence that points to there being a genetic influence on multiple sclerosis is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The genes that are associated with the MHC are around 160 strong and around half of them play an pivotal role in the regulation of the immune system. | Researchers find that the strongest evidence that points to there being a genetic influence on multiple sclerosis is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The genes that are associated with the MHC are around 160 strong and around half of them play an pivotal role in the regulation of the immune system. <br><br> | ||
Sample citations: <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147444220300663X Dyment, D. and Ebers, G. </ref> | Sample citations: <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147444220300663X Dyment, D. and Ebers, G. </ref> | ||
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref> | <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref> | ||
Revision as of 11:34, 2 December 2019
Introduction
My topic is multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a type of disease that attacks the immmune system, commonly referred to as an auto immune disease. Multiple sclerosis particularly affects the myelin sheath of the spinal cord, which then negatively impacts communication between the brain and other parts of the body. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis range widely, from mild neurological symptoms to a crippling disease.
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Section 1 Genetics
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with a great deal of mystery surrounding it. The exact cause of multiple sclerosis is still unknown. Having said that, multiple sclerosis has been shown to not be able to be passed down from generation to generation, implying that it is not an inherited disease. However, there still remains the risk of the disease being inherited. The genes that appear to be linked to the presence of multiple sclerosis are as follows: HLA class I and class II, T-cell-receptor α, CTLA4, ICAM1, and SH2D2A. There is an estimated 200 genes that appear to be linked to multiple sclerosis, but there is a great deal of ambiguity surrounding the idea of what precise role these genes play in the contribution to multiple sclerosis.
Familial aggregation is believed to have a pronoun effect on the contraction of multiple sclerosis. Around the late 19th century, it was found that siblings of affected individuals were 2-4% likelier to develop the disease than that of the general population (0.2%). Furthermore, in monozygotic twins, the likelihood of contracting the disease jumps to 30%. Spouses and adoptees were found to have the same likelihood as the general population, which is consistent with the idea of familial aggregation.
Researchers find that the strongest evidence that points to there being a genetic influence on multiple sclerosis is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The genes that are associated with the MHC are around 160 strong and around half of them play an pivotal role in the regulation of the immune system.
Sample citations: [1]
[2]
A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
Section 2 Microbiome
There has been a great deal of research that has been done in regards to the role that viruses might play on the contraction of multiple sclerosis. The strongest piece of evidence that points to this idea is that around 90-95% of the people who have multiple sclerosis, are also found to have certain proteins in their spinal fluids that are commonly found in the spinal fluids of patients with nervous system diseases. These diseases are known to be reactions to the presence of certain viruses.
Alberto Ascherio from the Harvard School of Public Health has been studying the impact that the Epstein-Barr virus has on the development of multiple sclerosis. He found that antibodies, which were produced by the patient’s immune system as a result of the infection by the virus, were greater in number in the patients who had multiple sclerosis compared to the control group. Ascherio was able to find that the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus led to a significant increase in the risk of having multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, Emmanuelle Waubant from the University of California at San Francisco, studied children who either had early multiple sclerosis or were at an increased risk of contracting it. Waubant found strong evidence correlating the Epstein-Barr virus and the presence or risk thereof of contracting multiple sclerosis.
As stated previously, no virus has yet been shown to fundamentally cause multiple sclerosis. One of the reasons for this is because it is very hard for researchers to actually prove that a disease causes multiple sclerosis to form in the body. They must first prove that the virus had been in the body before the development of multiple sclerosis, and then they must prove that the virus is causing multiple sclerosis.
Conclusion
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References
Edited by [Thomas Kallarakal], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2019, Kenyon College.
