The Role of the Vaginal Microbiome in Preterm Birth: Difference between revisions
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Preterm birth (PTB) is the delivery of newborns before the 37th week of gestation, with most preterm births (>80%) occurring between 32 and 37 weeks 15. Globally, rates of preterm birth range from 5-18% for 184 countries, amounting to 15 million babies born prematurely each year 15. In America, preterm birth accounts for 11-12% of American pregnancies 3,9 but with marked disparities in race, occurring in 17.8% of births in African Americans. 3 Both the rates for the United States and the world have been increasing for the past several decades 15, 3, 2. In the United States, incidence of preterm birth increased 30% from 1981 to 2010 15. <br><br> | Preterm birth (PTB) is the delivery of newborns before the 37th week of gestation, with most preterm births (>80%) occurring between 32 and 37 weeks 15. Globally, rates of preterm birth range from 5-18% for 184 countries, amounting to 15 million babies born prematurely each year 15. In America, preterm birth accounts for 11-12% of American pregnancies 3,9 but with marked disparities in race, occurring in 17.8% of births in African Americans. 3 Both the rates for the United States and the world have been increasing for the past several decades 15, 3, 2. In the United States, incidence of preterm birth increased 30% from 1981 to 2010 15. <br><br> | ||
==Causes of Preterm Birth== | ==Causes of Preterm Birth== |
Revision as of 19:13, 21 November 2022
Introduction: Preterm birth
Preterm birth (PTB) is the delivery of newborns before the 37th week of gestation, with most preterm births (>80%) occurring between 32 and 37 weeks 15. Globally, rates of preterm birth range from 5-18% for 184 countries, amounting to 15 million babies born prematurely each year 15. In America, preterm birth accounts for 11-12% of American pregnancies 3,9 but with marked disparities in race, occurring in 17.8% of births in African Americans. 3 Both the rates for the United States and the world have been increasing for the past several decades 15, 3, 2. In the United States, incidence of preterm birth increased 30% from 1981 to 2010 15.
Causes of Preterm Birth
There are two main types of preterm labor: providor-initiated birth, involving elective Cesarean section or induction of labor before term, and spontaneous. The majority (70–75%) of all preterm births are spontaneous 1. Prior to about 30% of sPTBs, the fetal membranes rupture, known as preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM)14.
The causes and mechanisms of spontaneous PTB are not fully understood; In as many as half of all spontaneous preterm births, the cause remains unknown. Many risk factors have been identified, preterm birth is likely caused by an interplay of them 15.
Some risk factors include environmental effects such as exposure to air pollution 16, and identity factors including ethnicity, education level 1, socioeconomic status, and maternal age (those younger than 18 or older than 35 have higher risk). Maternal health is very important, with inadequate nutrition 17, and unhealthy Western-style diets 18, low or high Body Mass Index (BMI), diabetes, chronic hypertension, metabolic and genetic disorders, and other underlying diseases increasing risk of preterm birth 10. Lifestyle risk factors include excessive physical work or long times spent standing, stress, smoking, alcohol, and drug use during pregnancy, 15. Additionally, factors relating to the pregnancy, including inadequate prenatal care, multiple gestations (twins, triplets, ect), primiparity (the number of offspring female has borne), and short intervals of time between pregnancies, increase risk of preterm birth 1, 10.
[ Some Factors Associated with Preterm Birth, CDC]
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Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
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Vaginal Microbiome
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Role of the Vaginal Microbiome in Preterm Birth
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Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
- ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
- ↑ Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA, Demaria AN, Huber PW, Mason DT. Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1981 May;29(5):576-81.
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Edited by [Elianajoy Volin], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2022, Kenyon College.