The Role of the Vaginal Microbiome in Preterm Birth: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction: Preterm birth==
==Introduction: Preterm birth==


Preterm birth (PTB) is the delivery of newborns before the 37th week of gestation, with most preterm births (>80%) occurring between 32 and 37 weeks <ref name='fifteen'> [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241503433 World Health Organization. (2012). Born too soon: the global action report on preterm birth.] </ref>. Globally, rates of preterm birth range from 5-18% for 184 countries, amounting to 15 million babies born prematurely each year 15. In America, preterm birth accounts for 11-12% of American pregnancies <ref name='three'> [https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719113488838 Hyman, R. W., Fukushima, M., Jiang, H., Fung, E., Rand, L., Johnson, B., ... & Giudice, L. C. (2014). Diversity of the vaginal microbiome correlates with preterm birth. Reproductive sciences, 21(1), 32-40.] </ref> 9 but with marked disparities in race, occurring in 17.8% of births in African Americans. 3 Both the rates for the United States and the world have been increasing for the past several decades <ref name=three/> 15, 2. In the United States, incidence of preterm birth increased 30% from 1981 to 2010 15. <br><br>
Preterm birth (PTB) is the delivery of newborns before the 37th week of gestation, with most preterm births (>80%) occurring between 32 and 37 weeks <ref name='fifteen'> [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241503433 World Health Organization. (2012). Born too soon: the global action report on preterm birth.] </ref>. Globally, rates of preterm birth range from 5-18% for 184 countries, amounting to 15 million babies born prematurely each year <ref name='fifteen'>. In America, preterm birth accounts for 11-12% of American pregnancies <ref name='three'> [https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719113488838 Hyman, R. W., Fukushima, M., Jiang, H., Fung, E., Rand, L., Johnson, B., ... & Giudice, L. C. (2014). Diversity of the vaginal microbiome correlates with preterm birth. Reproductive sciences, 21(1), 32-40.] </ref> 9 but with marked disparities in race, occurring in 17.8% of births in African Americans. 3 Both the rates for the United States and the world have been increasing for the past several decades <ref name=three/> <ref name='fifteen'>, 2. In the United States, incidence of preterm birth increased 30% from 1981 to 2010 <ref name='fifteen'>. <br><br>


==Causes of Preterm Birth==
==Causes of Preterm Birth==

Revision as of 01:37, 2 December 2022

Introduction: Preterm birth

Preterm birth (PTB) is the delivery of newborns before the 37th week of gestation, with most preterm births (>80%) occurring between 32 and 37 weeks [1]. Globally, rates of preterm birth range from 5-18% for 184 countries, amounting to 15 million babies born prematurely each year Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag 9 but with marked disparities in race, occurring in 17.8% of births in African Americans. 3 Both the rates for the United States and the world have been increasing for the past several decades [2] Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag [3]
A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.

[4]

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[5]

Second citation of Ref 1: [6]

References

  1. ↑ World Health Organization. (2012). Born too soon: the global action report on preterm birth.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named three
  3. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
  4. ↑ Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA, Demaria AN, Huber PW, Mason DT. Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1981 May;29(5):576-81.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 text of the citation
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named abc


Edited by [Elianajoy Volin], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2022, Kenyon College.

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