Chlorophyta

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A Microbial Biorealm page on the phylum Chlorophyta

Ulva lobata. The California Biota Website by Luis A. Solorzano and Warren E. Savary.

Classification

Higher order taxa:

Eukaryota; Viridiplantae

Species:

Ulva lobata, Caulerpa racemosa, Spirogyra insignis

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome

Description and Significance

Spirogyra.
Numbered ticks are 122 µM apart.
Photograph by Bob Blaylock.

Chlorophyta are commonly known as green algae. This is the most diverse group of algae, with over 7,000 species. Chlorophyta are a paraphyletic group. They are the sister group to Microthmaniales.

Genome Structure

There are many different species belonging to Chlorophyta; some are unicellular, some are multicelluar. The genome structures within Chlorophyta are all different. However, there are some common characteristics across species. For example, one of the ways to identify Chlorophyta is by their small subunit rDNA.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Diagram of life cycle. "Kingdom" Chlorophyta by Stephen T. Abedon.

Most Chlorophyta are unicelluar, but there are some multicelluar species. Some are free-living, some are colonial, others are coenocytic. Glucosamine is the main component of cells walls in Chlorophyta. Filamentous sporophytes have singluar lenticular nuclei, which are embedded in a thick cytoplasm. Chlorophyta usually have biflagellated gametes. Like other green plants, Chlorophyta contain chlorophylls a and b, although the major pigment is chlorophyll b. In addition, some tropical species are pigmented by siphonoxanthin and siphonein. They store starches made from photosynthesis in double-membrane bounded chloroplasts. Cell walls are made of cellulose.

Chlorophyta are photosynthetic organisms, obtaining starch from photosynthesis. They are autotrophic.

Chlorophyta reproduce both sexually and asexually, but usually sexually. Asexual reproduction can occurs by fission, fragmentation, or zoospores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous. The species Ulva lobata experiences alternation of generations, alternating between haploid and diploid phases. In the haploid phase, gametes are formed; in the diploid phase, zoospores are formed. Not all species have this, however. For the species without alternation, meiosis occurs in the zygote.

Ecology

Codium fragile. The California Biota Website by Luis A. Solorzano and Warren E. Savary.

Cholorophyta are adapted to shallow water, and live in both freshwater and marine habitats. 90% of Chlorophyta are freshwater species. Those that live in marine habitats largely inhabit tropical environments. There are a small number of terrestrial species; these largely dwell on rocks or trees. Some species form symbiotic relationships with fungi, producing lichens. There are a few instances in which Chlorophyta have formed symbiotic relationships with animals.

The Chlorophyta species Caulerpa racemosa was introduced to the Mediterranean Sea in 1990. It was first observed in France in 1997, and has continued spreading. Many of the invaded locations are fishing areas. The Mediterranean Sea has many environmental factors that encourage the growth of Caulerpa racemosa, such as an ideal climate and substrata.

The species Spirogyra insignis is known to adapt to harsh conditions through spontaneous mutation. Flores-Moya et. al. (2005) studied the adaptation of this species in sulpherous waters. At first, its growth and reproduction was inhibited. However, the culture survived due to the growth of a resistant variant that formed before the culture was introduced to these sulfurous waters. This type of spontaneous mutation is what allows the species to survive.

References

Abedon, Stephen T. "Kingdom" Chlorophyta.

Flores-Moya A, Costas E, Banares-Espana E, Garcia-Villada L, Altamirano M, Lopez-Rodas V. "Adaptation of Spirogyra insignis (Chlorophyta) to an extreme natural environment (sulphureous waters) through preselective mutations." The New phytologist. 2005 May;166(2):655-61.

Guiry, Michael. Chlorophyta: Green Algae.

McCourt, Richard M., R.L. Chapman, Mark Buchheim, and Brent D. Mishler. "Green Plants." The Tree of Life Web Project.

Minamikawa B, Yamagishi T, Hishinuma T, Ogawa S. "Behavior of nuclei during zoosporogenesis in Bryopsis plumosa (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)." Journal of plant research. 2005 Feb; 118(1): 43-8. Epub 2005 Feb 8.

Patterson, David J. "Algae: Protists with Chloroplasts." The Tree of Life Web Project.

Ruitton S, Javel F, Culioli JM, Meinesz A, Pergent G, Verlaque M. "First assessment of the Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) invasion along the French Mediterranean coast." Marine pollution bulletin. 2005 May 10.

Smith, Celia. Division Chlorophyta.

Solorzano, Luis A. and Warren E. Savary. The California Biota Website.

Speer, Brian. Introduction to the "Green Algae."

Yamamoto M, Kurihara I, Kawano S. "Late type of daughter cell wall synthesis in one of the Chlorellaceae, Parachlorella kessleri (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae)." Planta. 2005 Mar 3.