Diego's microbe wiki

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Classification

'Kingdom': Bacteria
Phylum': Proteobacteria
'Class': Gamaproteobacteria
Order': Eubacteriales
Family': Enterobacteriaceae

Species

'Genus':Enterobacter;
'Species':Cloacae

File: http://www.microbiologyinpictures.com/bacteria%20photos/enterobacter%20cloacae%20photos/enterobacter%20cloacae%2001.jpg

the suffix "Enteric" signifies a microorganism pertaining to or originating from the intestines.

NCBI: Taxonomy

Several Species of the Enterobacter cloacae complex exist, but only few act as pathogens. The biochemical and molecular studies on E. cloacae have shown great genomic similarity with six seperate species. Often referred to as Enterobacter Subspecies or 'Enterobacter spp.'

1) Enterobacter cloacae

2)Enterobacter asburiae

3)Enterobacter hormaechei

4)Enterobacter kobei

5)Enterobacter ludwigii

6)Enterobacter nimipressuralis.

E. cloacae and E. hormaechei are the most frequently found in human clinical specimens. Molecular identification is often used to differentiate between these similarly related species.

' BASIC TESTS

' FOR IDENTIFICATION

MacConkey growth = + for growth of gram - and + for lactose fermentation

Indole production = - for the presence of triptophan 1

Methyl red = - for mixed acid fermentation

Voges-Proskauer = + for neutral end products, (my lab test results came back -)

Citrate(Simmons) = + for citrate carbon source

Lysine decarboxylase = - for fermentation ( my lab results came back +)

Arginine dihydrolase = + for removal of carboxyl group from amino acid

Ornithine decarboxylase = + for decarboxylase

Motility (36 °C) = + growth in SIM broth

Mannitol salt test = + acid and gas production < br />

Sucrose fermentation = + acid and gas production

Lactose fermentation = + acid and gas production

Bile Esculin =+ hydrolysis of esculine in presence of bile

Antibiotic Test = + resistant to cefemandole

http://www.microbiologyinpictures.com/bacteria%20photos/enterobacter%20cloacae%20photos/enterobacter%20cloacae.jpg

Habitat Information

Enterobacter Cloacae are typically found in nature and are capable of obtaining nutrition from products of organic breakdown and decay. They are often found in environments of stagnant water, soil, sewage, and are also located within the "normal" stomach flora of both animal and human GI tracts. (+/- 40%)

https://www.google.com/maps/@30.3133784,-97.7208394,13z

Description and Significance

Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.

To the human eye individual colonies of the microbe appear white/creamy, with an umbonate elevation similar to an egg sunny side up. It's margins are round, smooth/entire. A recent study has shown that the presence of Enterobacter cloacae in the gut may have a strong correlation to obesity likelihood. A decrease 35% to non-detectable levels of the bacterial within the patient’s gut, was linked to a strong reduction in endotoxin load which significantly reduced the patient's weight. A 2012 study where Enterobacter cloacae was transplanted into previously germ-free mice resulted in increased obesity when compared with germ-free mice fed an identical diet, suggesting a link between obesity and the presence of Enterobacter gut flora.

http://www.microbiologyinpictures.com/bacteria%20photos/enterobacter%20cloacae%20photos/enterobacter%20cloacae%2003.jpg

Genome Structure

Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.

Close examination of E. cloacae genome shows that the main sequence reveals the general physiological and survival genes of the species. Genomic factors in plasmids determine the virulence of the human pathogenic E. cloacae strain.

E. cloacae chromosomal DNA consists of 40-60% guanine + cytosine (G+C) nucleotide, the complete E. cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047 genome contains a single circular chromosome of 5,314,588 bp and two circular plasmids.

PCR sequencing forward: ATGCAGCCATGCCGCGTGNATGAAGAAGGCCTTCG

GGTTGTAAAGTACTTTCAGCGGGGAGGAAGGTGTTGTGGTTAATAACCGCAGCAATTGACGTTACCCGCAGAAGAAGCAC CGGCTAACTCCGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCGCACGCA GGCGGTCTGTCAAGTCGGATGTGAAATCCCCGGGCTCAACCTGGGAACTGCATTCGAAACTGGCAGGCTAGAGTCTTGTA GAGGGGGGTAGAATTCCAGGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGAGATCTGGAGGAATACCGGTGGCGAAGGCGGCCCCCTGGA CAAAGACTGACGCTCAGGTGCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGTC GATTTGGAGGTTGTGCCCTTGAGGCGTGGCTTCCGGAGCTAACGCGTTAAATCGACCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGCCGCAAGG TTAAAACTCAAATGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTA CCTGGTCTTGACATCCACAGAACTTTCCAGAGATGNNTTGGTGCCTTCNGGAACTGTGAGACAGGTGCTGCATGGCTGTC GTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGATGTCAT

 ::: PCR sequencing reverse: ATGCAGCACCTGTCTCACAGTTCCCGAAGGCACCAATCCATCTCTGCGNAAGTTCTGTGGATGTCAAGA CCAGGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCATCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCATTTGAGT TTTAACCTTGCGGCCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGTCGATTTAACGCGTTAGCTCCGGAAGCCACGCCTCAAGGGCACAACCTCC AAATCGACATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTTGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCACCTGAGCGTCAGT CTTTGTCCAGGGGGCCGCCTTCGCCACCGGTATTCCTCCAGATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACCTGGAATTCTACCC CCCTCTACAAGACTCTAGCCTGCCAGTTTCGAATGCAGTTCCCAGGTTGAGCCCGGGGATTTCACATCCGACTTGACAGA CCGCCTGCGTGCGCTTTACGCCCAGTAATTCCGATTAACGCTTGCACCCTCCGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGGAGTT AGCCGGTGCTTCTTCTGCGGGTAACGTCAATTGCTGCGGTTATTAACCACAACACCTTCCTCCCCGCTGAAAGTACTTTA CAACCCGAAGGCCTTCTTCATACACGCGGCATGGCTGCATCAGGCTTGCGCCCATTGTGCAATATTCCCCACTGCNGCCN CCCGTANGAGTACTGGCG

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.

Enterobacter Cloacae contain a thin cell-wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria. It its also capable of Nitrate reduction by removing oxygen from nitrate (NO3) producing nitrite (NO2). E. Cloacae are a genus of straight gram-negative bacilli (rods), capable of lactose-fermentation apart of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter spp. are facultatively anaerobic (rods), which have the potential to grow and multiply with or without oxygen. The average cellular size ranges from 0.6-1 μm in diameter and 1.2-3 μm long. E. Cloacae are capable of movement by means of peritrichous flagella, indicating multiple tails for propulsion, and are also acid producers upon glucose fermentation, with an optimal growth temperature of 30 °C. 80 % are encapsulated.

GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS

MOTILE

NONSPOREFORMING

CATALASE: POSITIVE

OXIDASE: NEGATIVE

FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC

http://www.bacteriainphotos.com/light%20microscopy%20of%20bacteria/Enterobacter%20cloacae%20microscopy.jpg

Physiology and Pathogenesis

Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

endophytic E. cloacae strains have been shown to colonize and benefit plant growth in various crops, such as soybean, cucumber, corn, rice and ginger

E. cloacae is commonly known as a human opportunistic pathogen found in hospitals and causing a wide range of infections, such as lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and meningitis. E. cloacae tends to contaminate various medical, intravenous and other hospital devices. Nosocomial outbreaks have also been associated with colonization of certain surgical equipment and operative cleaning solutions.Outbreaks typically occur in Intensive Care Units, primarily affecting weaker patients who are hospitalized for a prolonged periods of time. E. cloacae is clinically significant, particularly because its strains usually carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Over the last 15 years, numerous reports have demonstrated their remarkable ability to adapt or acquire resistance determinants and making them some of the most worrying microorganisms of the current antibiotic era.

References

Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.

http://www.microbiologyinpictures.com/enterobacter%20cloacae.html

http://www.slideshare.net/AliaNajiha1/enterobacteriaceae-basic-properties

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768204

http://www.msdsonline.com/resources/msds-resources/free-safety-data-sheet-index/enterobacter-spp.aspx

Author

Page authored by Diego M. Escobedo, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.