Abutilon mosaic virus

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Leaf infected by abutilon mosaic virus. CDC.

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Leaf infected by abutilon mosaic virus. CDC.

Leaf infected by abutilon mosaic virus. CDC.

Abutilon mosaic virus is a plant virus which infects evergreen upright shrubs, Abutilon striatum. It is apart of the genus Begomovirus. It is a vector transmitted disease that is widely distributed. The vector for the disease is the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. There are 3 strains of the virus: Abutilon mosaic A: West Indies virus, Abutilon mosaic B: Brazil virus, and Abutilon mosaic Hawaii virus. The disease is highly appreciated by botanist and plant lovers as it adds decorative value to its host. There are insignificant affects to plant growth, flowering, and overall health. The disease cause the leaves of the plant to develop a whitist to yellowish mosaic pattern.
Sample citations: <Frischmuth T, Zimmat G, Jeske H. 2004. The nucleotide sequence of abutilon mosaic virus reveals prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic features. Virology. Academic Press. >Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.</ref>

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Section 1

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Abutilon Mosaic Virus1 (AbMV) is a plant virus that infects evergreen upright shrubs, Abutilon striatum. The first recognized infection was in 1868, in which one shrub in a shipment of Abutilon brought to England had the signature bright yellow mottling symptom of the pathogen. Abutilon Mosaic Virus is a part of the Geminivirus/Geminiviridae family and Begomovirus genus. Viruses in this genus are transmitted by an insect vector. The vector for this virus is the silverleaf whitefly, scientifically known as Bemisia tabaci. The prevalence of the whitefly across the world allows the virus to be just as widely prevalent. There are 3 strains of the AbMV: Abutilon mosaic A: West Indies virus, Abutilon mosaic B: Brazil virus, and Abutilon mosaic Hawaii virus. All strains are very appreciated by botanist and plant lovers because they add decorative color to their plant host with little negative effect to life cycle and health.
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Section 2

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
AbMV characteristics from the Geminivirus family Abutilon Mosaic virus is a plant viruses that infects weeds, crops, and ornamentals. They are mostly harmless to their host unlike others in the family that can cause serious damage to crop land. Abutilon Mosaic Virus has a circular, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)2 structure that readily recombines and mutates. AbMV DNA and other geminiviruses are unable to replicate through methylation3, and take advantage of host cellular mechanisms to accomplish this task. Their ability to acquire novel genotypes allows them to adapt quickly to the vastly different hosts and environments they may encounter across the world. AbMV characteristics from Begomovirus Genus Abutilon Mosaic Virus has 321 peers in Begomoviruses Genus. The DNA of these species are packaged into a nucleocapsid4 that is 38 nanometers (nm) long and 15–22 nm in diameter. Each capsid is made of 22 capsomeres5. The single stranded DNA inside the capsid are not enveloped, adopting icosahedral6 symmetry. Begomoviruses have a bipartite7 genome, in which both segments of DNA are required for successful infection of a host cell. The DNA in the first segment encodes for replication, transport, regulatory, and coat proteins. Specifically they control how genes are expressed, ability to evade or defeat host defenses, capsid formation, and transmission to vector. This segment of DNA are found in all geminiviruses. The second segment of DNA encodes for viral movement and symptom expression.

Section 3

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Transmission AbMV life cycle: plant to whitefly Bemisia tabaci, also known as the silverleaf whitefly9, is the vector of Abutilon Mosaic Virus. The virus is transmitted to this specific whitefly through its digestive system. The virus enters the vector while it feeds on an infected plant. The longer the whitefly enjoys its plant meal the more likely it is to contract the virus. Once inside the vector it inhabits the salivary glands, the midgut, and the filter chamber. After fully establishing itself inside the vector the virus does not multiply inside it10. The whiteflies will remain infected with the virus its entire life even throughout molts similar to Herpes simplex virus in humans. In contrast to herpes, the virus cannot be passed from an infected white onto its offspring. Overtime, as the infected whitefly becomes older the virus loses its ability to further transmit itself. AbMV life cycle: whitefly to plant When whiteflies first contract AbMV there is a 12 hour window that must elapse before it can transmit the virus to other host. After this latency period, adult whiteflies that are vectors pass the pathogen on when it sucks on the next Abutilon species. From an evolutionary standpoint, the whitefly is a sound choice as a vector because it feeds on many types of plant species giving the virus the best opportunity to infect as many plants as possible. Once inside the plant the AbMV virus molecules congregate in the nuclei of bundle area cells. (_et al._) Post-transmission the virus will inhabit the plant likely for the rest of its life, just as the vector. Once in the plant, the virus in a purely natural environment remains to be transmitted by purely vector digestion11. Non-organismal Modes of Transmission AbMV can also be transmitted through grafting12 and gardening tool contamination13. Grafting is the most prevalent method of transmission across Abutilon striatum populations. The aesthetic color patterns caused by the disease on host leaves generate consumer interest. Gardeners and botanists intentionally spread the virus to meet consumer demand. Outside of the spread of AbMV, gardeners also use grafting to: • Get immature plants to produce fruit14 • Pass on beneficial genes15 • Repair damage to trees stripped of bark16 • Conduct plant research The purpose of the technique is to create contact between the vascular systems of two plants establishing a pathway of gene flow and nutrient-sharing. Grafting allows plants to share cell nuclei, DNA, and chloroplasts. (_et al._) Growth stimuli has also been shared across this way as well (_et al._). When trying to directly transmit AbMV using this method, the best connection is between the rootstock17 of an infected plant and the scion17 of the non-infected plant. (__et al.__) The genetic similarity between the two plants is important to the formation of a connection between them. The closer they are in species to one another the more likely they will grow together. To graft two plants together, peel back the areas that are desired to be grafted together using a knife. The layers should be peeled so that the vascular layer is exposed. Bind the plants together where their vascular system is exposed using grafting tape or wax. These adhesives also reduce amount of water loss due to exposure. It is important that the two vascular areas remain compressed together with the tape or wax until the grafting process has been completed. It normally takes a few weeks for the plant to begin to form scar tissue on the grafted area which is a sign of their union18. Once successfully grafted the plants will grow together and the AbMV infection should be shared in both plants. Researchers and botanists are confident in this method beyond the use of passing on the aesthetic patterns of AbMV. They also are using this method to study the transmission of other viruses as well. They have created a Viral Index in which they graft a plant thought to be a carrier of a virus that may not be displaying symptoms to a plant that is very susceptible to the virus they are testing to see if present. If this susceptible plant becomes infected they know that the initial plant is a carrier of the virus.

References

Nelson, S. C. (2008). Abutilon mosaic. University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Cooperative Extension Service, PD-39. Retrieved

Frischmuth T, Zimmat G, Jeske H. 2004. The nucleotide sequence of abutilon mosaic virus reveals prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic features. Virology. Academic Press.

Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2018, Kenyon College.