Myceliophthora thermophila: Difference between revisions

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===Higher order taxa===
===Higher order taxa===


Domain (Eukaryota); Phylum (Ascomycota); Class (Sordariomycetes); Order (Sordariales); Family (); Genus (Rahnella)
Domain (Eukaryota); Phylum (Ascomycota); Class (Sordariomycetes); Order (Sordariales); Family (Chaetomiaceae); Genus (Myceliophthora)


===Species===
===Species===
Species (aquatilis)
Species (<I>thermophila</I>)


''Rahnella aquatilis''
''<I>Myceliophthora</I> <I>thermophila</I>''


==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
Rahnella aquatilis is a relatively rare gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria which has been found in fresh water, soil, certain animals such as snails [5] and certain beetles, [4] and isolated human clinical specimens. [2] This bacterium is of importance because of its abundance and its disease-causing ability in humans.  Many different strains have been isolated, and presumably more will be disocvered.
<I> Myceliophthora</I> <I>thermophile</I> is an eukaryotic microbe, a mold, which is usually extracted from soil or self-heated cmoposts [2,3,4]. <I>M.</I> <I>thermophila</I> produces phyriform (pear shaped) conidia that measure between 3.0 and 4.5 &mu;. The conidia start off smooth and white and when they are mature, they are a dark brown color with a rough surface [3]. thermophiles grow optimally at high temperatures. This microbe grows optimally between 45-5 C&deg;[2]. <I>M.</I> <I>thermophila</I> is a thermophilic phaeoid mold that is found in wood, straw and cmopost made of animal excrements in agricultural settings, such as farms [2]. It has been found to cause rare ifnections in humans that are hard to treat due to its resistance to standard antifungal medications and its ability to withstand high temperatures and pH levels [3].  


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
As of the year 2000, at least 70 strains of Rahnella aquatilis have been identified [1]. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the whole genome has been sequenced for R. aquatilis Strain Y9602.  This particular strain has a genome consisting of 4,864,217 basepairs, with two identified plasmids [2]. Another strain, Rahnella aquatilis CUETM 77-115, was shown to have a genome consisting of 5,440,269 basepairs, and had a G-C content of 52.1% [3].
The genome for <I>M.</I> <I>thermophila</I> was released for the public on September 6, 2012 [1]. It was sequenced by the DOE Joint Genome INstitute [1]. The total number of genes is 9,296, the total number of DNA bases is 38, 744,216 [1,4] on seven linear chromosomes[4]. There are 194 RNA genes present [4].  


==Cell and colony structure==
==Cell and colony structure==
Rahnella aquatilis is gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, about 2-3 microns in length. Strain ISL 19 was isolated from soybean rhizosphere, and was seen to have several flagella for motility [6]. The bacterium can be readily cultured in the laboratory.  
<I>M.</I> <I>thermophila</I> is pyriform (pear shaped) conidia that meausre between 3.0 and 4.5&mu; [3]. They reproduce asexually and they grow on specialized stalks called conidiophores [2]. When the cell colonies are immature, it is white and looks almost like cotton. It then becmoes dark brown in color and rough when it matures [3].  


==Metabolism==
==Metabolism==
Rahnella aquatilis is a facultative anaerobe (it can live in the absence or presence of oxygen) that fixes Nitrogen [2].  R. aquatilis metabolizing whey lactose produces high levels of organic acids (except for lactic acid) [7].      
It is a strick aerobe (cannot grow without the presence of oxygen) and is a L-lysine auxotroph [1].  


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Rahnella aquatilis is named so because of its prevalence in fresh water.  It has been found around the globe in places like the United States, Korea, Japan, Russia, the Ukraine, and Egypt. R. aquatilis has also been found in humans, soil,  and snails [5]. One of the most unusual places for the the microbe to have been found was inside the gut of certain speicies of longicorn beetles in Korea [4].
<I>M.</I> <I>thermophila</I> is isolated from soil and self-heated compost [2,4]. Strans of it has been found in the soil of North America, Europe Africa, and Asia[4]. It is also found in straw and animal compost [2,3]. Its ability to efficiently decompose straw allows it to grow on insoluble cellulose much like it grows on glucose[4]. This ability as well as the increased catalytic rates at high termperatures [2] would help promoste the development of bioproducts [4] and would help the development of advanced technologies fro derived fuels and chemical industries [2].  




==Pathology==
==Pathology==
Rahnella aquatilis is pathogenic in humans. The organism can be diagnosed in patients via blood cultures, respiratory washings, and in wound cultures. Various infections, such as bacteremia (from renal infection), sepsis, respiratory infection, and urinary tract infection can be the result.  One case involved an 11-month-old girl with congenital heart disease who developed infective endocarditis [8]. Another case involved a 76-year-old male who had prostatic hyperplasia presenting with acute pyelonephritis [9]. It is noted that R. aquatilis can potentially cause life-threatening infections in humans, infants and adults alike, especially the immunocompromised and organ transplant recipients.  Treatments have included intravenous and oral levofloxacin therapy (and other members of the quinolone family).
<I>M.</I> <I>thermophila</I> has been the root cause of the rare, invasive human infection known as osteomyelitis [3,4]. It causes severe destructive osseous and cartilaginous infections that were untreatable by many antifungal agents [3]. Voriconazle, an antifungal medication used to treat serious infections, was prescribed to the patients after other antifungal medications were unsuccessful [3]. Infections occur after traumatic injuries in agricultrual areas [2,3,4].  




==References==
==References==
[1] J Chemother. 2000 Feb;12(1):30-9. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10768513>
[1] "Taxon Details Myceliophthora Thermophila ATCC42464." DOE Joint Genome Institute. The Regents of the University of California, Dec. 2012.  
[2] R.J. Martinez. J Bacteriol. 2012 Apr;194(8):2113-4. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=Rahnella%20aquatilis>
[3] Robert Martinez, University of Alabama. <http://genome.jgi-psf.org/rahac/rahac.info.html>
 
[4] Park, Doo-Sang, Hyun-Woo Oh, Won-Jin Jeong, et al. "A Culture-Based Study of the Bacterial Communities within the Guts
of Nine Longicorn Beetle Species and their Exo-enzyme Producing Properties
for Degrading Xylan and Pectin." The Journal of Microbiology, October 2007, p. 394-401.  


[5] Brenner, Don J., Hans E. Muller, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, et al. "Two new Rahnella genomospecies that cannot
[2] Bera, Grigoriev, RM. "Myceliophthora Thermophila." DOE Joint Genome Institue. The Regents of the University of California, 2013.  
be phenotypically differentiated from Rahnella aquatilis." lnternstional Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1 998), 48, 141 -149.


[6] Kim, Kil Yong, Diann Jordan, and Hari B. Krishnan. "Rahnella aquatilis, a bacterium isolated from soybean rhizosphere, can solubilize hydroxyapatite." FEMS Microbiology Letters Volume 153, Issue 2, 15 August 1997, Pages 273–277.
[3] Chusid, Michael J. "Severe Osteomyelitis Caused by Myceliophthora Thermophila after a Pitchfork Injury." American Composite Manufacturer Association. Sept. 2006.


[7] Pintado, Manuela E., Ana I.E. Pintado, and F. Xavier Malcata. "Fate of Nitrogen During Metabolism of Whey Lactose by Rahnella aquatilis." Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 82, Issue 11, November 1999, Pages 2315-2326.
[4] Berka, Grigoriev RM. "KEGG GENOME: Myceliophthora Thermophila." KEGG GENOME. Dec. 2012.  


[8] Matsukura H., Katayama K., Kitano N., et al.  "Infective endocarditis caused by an unusual gram-negative rod, Rahnella aquatilis." Pediatric Cardiology, 1996 Mar-Apr; 17(2): 108-11.


[9] Tash, Kaley. "Rahnella aquatilis Bacteremia from a Suspected Urinary Source." Journal of Clinical Microbiology. May 2005, vol. 43 no. 5, 2526-2528.


 
Edited by Maura Mahoney, student of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio
 
 
Edited by Christopher John Connor, student of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio

Revision as of 18:14, 11 April 2013

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Myceliophthora thermophila

Classification

Higher order taxa

Domain (Eukaryota); Phylum (Ascomycota); Class (Sordariomycetes); Order (Sordariales); Family (Chaetomiaceae); Genus (Myceliophthora)

Species

Species (thermophila)

Myceliophthora thermophila

Description and significance

Myceliophthora thermophile is an eukaryotic microbe, a mold, which is usually extracted from soil or self-heated cmoposts [2,3,4]. M. thermophila produces phyriform (pear shaped) conidia that measure between 3.0 and 4.5 μ. The conidia start off smooth and white and when they are mature, they are a dark brown color with a rough surface [3]. thermophiles grow optimally at high temperatures. This microbe grows optimally between 45-5 C°[2]. M. thermophila is a thermophilic phaeoid mold that is found in wood, straw and cmopost made of animal excrements in agricultural settings, such as farms [2]. It has been found to cause rare ifnections in humans that are hard to treat due to its resistance to standard antifungal medications and its ability to withstand high temperatures and pH levels [3].

Genome structure

The genome for M. thermophila was released for the public on September 6, 2012 [1]. It was sequenced by the DOE Joint Genome INstitute [1]. The total number of genes is 9,296, the total number of DNA bases is 38, 744,216 [1,4] on seven linear chromosomes[4]. There are 194 RNA genes present [4].

Cell and colony structure

M. thermophila is pyriform (pear shaped) conidia that meausre between 3.0 and 4.5μ [3]. They reproduce asexually and they grow on specialized stalks called conidiophores [2]. When the cell colonies are immature, it is white and looks almost like cotton. It then becmoes dark brown in color and rough when it matures [3].

Metabolism

It is a strick aerobe (cannot grow without the presence of oxygen) and is a L-lysine auxotroph [1].

Ecology

M. thermophila is isolated from soil and self-heated compost [2,4]. Strans of it has been found in the soil of North America, Europe Africa, and Asia[4]. It is also found in straw and animal compost [2,3]. Its ability to efficiently decompose straw allows it to grow on insoluble cellulose much like it grows on glucose[4]. This ability as well as the increased catalytic rates at high termperatures [2] would help promoste the development of bioproducts [4] and would help the development of advanced technologies fro derived fuels and chemical industries [2].


Pathology

M. thermophila has been the root cause of the rare, invasive human infection known as osteomyelitis [3,4]. It causes severe destructive osseous and cartilaginous infections that were untreatable by many antifungal agents [3]. Voriconazle, an antifungal medication used to treat serious infections, was prescribed to the patients after other antifungal medications were unsuccessful [3]. Infections occur after traumatic injuries in agricultrual areas [2,3,4].


References

[1] "Taxon Details Myceliophthora Thermophila ATCC42464." DOE Joint Genome Institute. The Regents of the University of California, Dec. 2012.

[2] Bera, Grigoriev, RM. "Myceliophthora Thermophila." DOE Joint Genome Institue. The Regents of the University of California, 2013.

[3] Chusid, Michael J. "Severe Osteomyelitis Caused by Myceliophthora Thermophila after a Pitchfork Injury." American Composite Manufacturer Association. Sept. 2006.

[4] Berka, Grigoriev RM. "KEGG GENOME: Myceliophthora Thermophila." KEGG GENOME. Dec. 2012.


Edited by Maura Mahoney, student of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio

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