Diego's microbe wiki: Difference between revisions
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==Habitat Information == | ==Habitat Information == | ||
Enterobacter Cloacae are typically found in nature and are capable of obtaining nutrition from products of organic breakdown and decay. They are often found in environments of stagnant water, soil, sewage, and are also located within the "normal" stomach flora of | Enterobacter Cloacae are typically found in nature and are capable of obtaining nutrition from products of organic breakdown and decay. They are often found in environments of stagnant water, soil, sewage, and are also located within the "normal" stomach flora of both animal and human GI tracts. (+/- 40%) | ||
<br /> https://www.google.com/maps/@30.3133784,-97.7208394,13z | <br /> https://www.google.com/maps/@30.3133784,-97.7208394,13z | ||
Revision as of 06:47, 8 May 2015
Classification
'Kingdom': Bacteria
Phylum': Proteobacteria
'Class': Gamaproteobacteria
Order': Eubacteriales
Family': Enterobacteriaceae
Species
'Genus':Enterobacter;
'Species':Cloacae
the suffix "Enteric" signifies a microorganism pertaining to or originating from the intestines.
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Several Species of the Enterobacter cloacae complex exist, but only few act as pathogens. The biochemical and molecular studies on E. cloacae have shown great genomic similarity with six seperate species. Often referred to as Enterobacter Subspecies or 'Enterobacter spp.'
- 1) Enterobacter cloacae
- 2)Enterobacter asburiae
- 3)Enterobacter hormaechei
- 4)Enterobacter kobei
- 5)Enterobacter ludwigii
- 6)Enterobacter nimipressuralis.
E. cloacae and E. hormaechei are the most frequently found in human clinical specimens. Molecular identification is often used to differentiate between these similarly related species.
- ' BASIC TESTS
- ' FOR IDENTIFICATION
- MacConkey growth = + for growth of gram - and + for lactose fermentation
- Indole production = - for the presence of triptophan 1
- Methyl red = - for mixed acid fermentation
- Voges-Proskauer = + for neutral end products, (my lab test results came back -)
- Citrate(Simmons) = + for citrate carbon source
- Lysine decarboxylase = - for fermentation ( my lab results came back +)
- Arginine dihydrolase = + for removal of carboxyl group from amino acid
- Ornithine decarboxylase = + for decarboxylase
- Motility (36 °C) = + growth in SIM broth
- Mannitol salt test = + acid and gas production < br />
- Sucrose fermentation = + acid and gas production
- Lactose fermentation = + acid and gas production
- Bile Esculin =+ hydrolysis of esculine in presence of bile
- Antibiotic Test = + resistant to cefemandole
- MacConkey growth = + for growth of gram - and + for lactose fermentation
Habitat Information
Enterobacter Cloacae are typically found in nature and are capable of obtaining nutrition from products of organic breakdown and decay. They are often found in environments of stagnant water, soil, sewage, and are also located within the "normal" stomach flora of both animal and human GI tracts. (+/- 40%)
https://www.google.com/maps/@30.3133784,-97.7208394,13z
Description and Significance
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.
To the human eye individual colonies of the microbe appear white/creamy, with an umbonate elevation similar to an egg sunny side up. It's margins are round, smooth/entire.
A recent study has shown that the presence of Enterobacter cloacae in the gut may have a strong correlation to obesity likelihood. A decrease 35% to non-detectable levels of the bacterial within the patient’s gut, was linked to a strong reduction in endotoxin load which significantly reduced the patient's weight. A 2012 study where Enterobacter cloacae was transplanted into previously germ-free mice resulted in increased obesity when compared with germ-free mice fed an identical diet, suggesting a link between obesity and the presence of Enterobacter gut flora.
Genome Structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.
Examination of the genome of E. cloacae shows that the core genome reveals the general physiological and survival genes of the species. Genomic factors in plasmids and variable regions determine the virulence of the human pathogenic E. cloacae strain. Additionally, the diversity of fimbriae contributes to variation in colonization and host determination of different E. cloacae strains.
Genetic analysis further shows that E. cloacae strains possess multiple mechanisms for antagonistic action against other microorganisms, which include the production of various antimicrobial compounds and antibiotic resistance proteins. These give the microbe further fitness advantages in microbial competition, thus allowing it to survive in different environments.
E. cloacae chromosomal DNA consists of 40-60% guanine + cytosine (G+C) nucleotide, the complete E. cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047 genome contains a single circular chromosome of 5,314,588 bp and two circular plasmids.
- PCR sequencing forward: ATGCAGCCATGCCGCGTGNATGAAGAAGGCCTTCG
GGTTGTAAAGTACTTTCAGCGGGGAGGAAGGTGTTGTGGTTAATAACCGCAGCAATTGACGTTACCCGCAGAAGAAGCAC CGGCTAACTCCGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCGCACGCA GGCGGTCTGTCAAGTCGGATGTGAAATCCCCGGGCTCAACCTGGGAACTGCATTCGAAACTGGCAGGCTAGAGTCTTGTA GAGGGGGGTAGAATTCCAGGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGAGATCTGGAGGAATACCGGTGGCGAAGGCGGCCCCCTGGA CAAAGACTGACGCTCAGGTGCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGTC GATTTGGAGGTTGTGCCCTTGAGGCGTGGCTTCCGGAGCTAACGCGTTAAATCGACCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGCCGCAAGG TTAAAACTCAAATGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTA CCTGGTCTTGACATCCACAGAACTTTCCAGAGATGNNTTGGTGCCTTCNGGAACTGTGAGACAGGTGCTGCATGGCTGTC GTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGATGTCAT
::: PCR sequencing reverse: ATGCAGCACCTGTCTCACAGTTCCCGAAGGCACCAATCCATCTCTGCGNAAGTTCTGTGGATGTCAAGA
CCAGGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCATCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCATTTGAGT
TTTAACCTTGCGGCCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGTCGATTTAACGCGTTAGCTCCGGAAGCCACGCCTCAAGGGCACAACCTCC
AAATCGACATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTTGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCACCTGAGCGTCAGT
CTTTGTCCAGGGGGCCGCCTTCGCCACCGGTATTCCTCCAGATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACCTGGAATTCTACCC
CCCTCTACAAGACTCTAGCCTGCCAGTTTCGAATGCAGTTCCCAGGTTGAGCCCGGGGATTTCACATCCGACTTGACAGA
CCGCCTGCGTGCGCTTTACGCCCAGTAATTCCGATTAACGCTTGCACCCTCCGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGGAGTT
AGCCGGTGCTTCTTCTGCGGGTAACGTCAATTGCTGCGGTTATTAACCACAACACCTTCCTCCCCGCTGAAAGTACTTTA
CAACCCGAAGGCCTTCTTCATACACGCGGCATGGCTGCATCAGGCTTGCGCCCATTGTGCAATATTCCCCACTGCNGCCN
CCCGTANGAGTACTGGCG
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
Enterobacter Cloacae contain a thin cell-wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria. It its also capable of Nitrate reduction by removing oxygen from nitrate (NO3) producing nitrite (NO2). E. Cloacae are a genus of straight gram-negative bacilli (rods), capable of lactose-fermentation apart of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter spp. are facultatively anaerobic (rods), which have the potential to grow and multiply with or without oxygen. The average cellular size ranges from 0.6-1 μm in diameter and 1.2-3 μm long. E. Cloacae are capable of movement by means of peritrichous flagella, indicating multiple tails for propulsion, and are also acid producers upon glucose fermentation, with an optimal growth temperature of 30 °C. 80 % are encapsulated.
- GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS
- MOTILE
- NONSPOREFORMING
- CATALASE: POSITIVE
- OXIDASE: NEGATIVE
- FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC
Physiology and Pathogenesis
Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
endophytic E. cloacae strains have been shown to colonize and benefit plant growth in various crops, such as soybean, cucumber, corn, rice and ginger
E. cloacae is commonly known as a human opportunistic pathogen found in hospitals and causing a wide range of infections, such as lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and meningitis. E. cloacae tends to contaminate various medical, intravenous and other hospital devices. Nosocomial outbreaks have also been associated with colonization of certain surgical equipment and operative cleaning solutions.Outbreaks typically occur in Intensive Care Units, primarily affecting weaker patients who are hospitalized for a prolonged periods of time. E. cloacae is clinically significant, particularly because its strains usually carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Over the last 15 years, numerous reports have demonstrated their remarkable ability to adapt or acquire resistance determinants and making them some of the most worrying microorganisms of the current antibiotic era.
References
http://www.microbiologyinpictures.com/enterobacter%20cloacae.html
http://www.slideshare.net/AliaNajiha1/enterobacteriaceae-basic-properties
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768204
Author
Page authored by Diego M. Escobedo, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.
