Ebola
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly pathogenic and deadly disease that has remained an enigma through the ages. Its high infection rate and mortality rate are extremely problematic since there is currently no vaccine or treatment for infection. We are currently experiencing the largest outbreak of EBOV in recorded human history. Extensive research on EBOV has shown that is largely effective because of how it induces massive immune system deregulation in infected humans.
Introduction
Ebola virus belongs to the Filoviridae viral family which has three identified genera that include Ebola virus, Marburg virus, and recently identified Cueva virus1. The Ebolavirus genus itself has five identified species which include Reston Ebolavirus, Bundibugyo Ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taı¨ Forest Ebolavirus, and Zaire Ebolavirus1.
In 1976 an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in both Zaire and Sudan infected 550 individuals and was fatal in 430 of them6,7. The virus responsible for the outbreak was isolated from the infected patients and was found to be morphologically similar to Marburg but it was also serologically distinct6. Even after multiple outbreaks of both Marburg and Ebola, and extensive research on the different strains that have caused those outbreaks, the origin of Filoviruses still remains a mystery6. Outbreaks of Filoviruses have usually been contained in remote areas of Central Africa7. However the world is currently experiencing the largest Ebolavirus outbreak in its history. The outbreak is affecting Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria7. Had no interventions taken place, it was estimated that 1.4 million cases could have occur in Liberia and Sierra Leone by the beginnings of 20157.
Overview of Ebola Virus and Ebola Virus Infection
Morphology
Ebola can vary in length and observed optimal length as correlated to infectivity for is 970nm6. The individual virions can take many different shapes including long filaments, mace-shaped, ring, or U-shaped6,7. The virus has a diameter of 80nm and contain a nucleopcapsid, an envelope derived from host cell plasma membrane budding, and a surface layer of glycoprotein trimers6,7. EBOV is a linear negative-sense single stranded RNA virus6. EBOV is stable at room temperature, but can be inactivated by heating at 60˚C for thirty minutes, UV irradiation, commercial hypochlorite and phenolic disinfectants, and lipid solvents6.
Host Invasion
Ebola can infect its hosts through breaks or abrasions in the skin, accidental injection, or through mucosal surfaces7. The entry process is thought to go through three phases which include cellular attachment, endocytosis, and fusion1,7. It is strongly believed that Ebola enters the host cells by apoptotic mimicry and is consequently phagocytosed as part of micropinocytosis cellular response1,7. Accordingly, it is speculated that Ebola entry into host cells is enhanced by its lack of needing a surface receptor for entrance1,7.
Humans are able to transmit EBOV as soon as symptoms begin to manifest7. The human body continues to be infectious throughout the course of the infection and even after death7. In the current Ebola outbreak, the majority of infected individuals range from ages 15 to 44 years of age2. Incubation period of the infection is about 11.4 days, and the disease lasts about 15.3 days, and can end in either recovery or death2. It is estimated that the current case fatality rate is 70.8%2.
Symptoms of Ebola Infection
EBOV causes acute hemorrhagic fever and illness4,6. The virus usually incubates between 4-10 days6. Post incubation the infected individual becomes abruptly ill while displaying unspecific symptoms such as severe headache, myalgia, fever, bradycardia, malaise, and conjunctivitis6. The patient quickly deteriorates over the next 2-3 days while experiencing severe nausea, pharyngitis, hematemesis, melena, prostration, and obtundation6. Further deterioration includes uncontrolled bleeding from visceral hemorrhagic effusions, as well as venipuncture sites6. Usually a maculopapular rash appears at around day 5, and death usually occurs 6-9 days after onset of the disease6.
Treatment
Currently there is no designated treatment for Ebola hemorrhagic fever6. An anti-viral drug that has been used to treat other hemorrhagic fever, Ribavirin, has shown no in vitro effect on EBOV, and is thus of little clinical value6. Passive immunity for other viral diseases has been provided to individuals suffering from an infection using human convalescent plasma; however efficacy has not been confirmed when used on patients suffering from EBOV infection6. The best care available to patients infected with EBOV is intensive supportive care to prevent shock, bacterial superinfection, hypoxia, hypotension, renal failure and cerebral edema6.
Ebola Evades the Immune System
Ebola uses apoptotic mimicry to invade cells
Ebola viral protein VP24
Further Reading
Novel Nucleoside Ebola Treatement-Nature article presenting research on potential Ebola treatement.
Top Ebola Facts- CDC page on Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever.
Ebola Outbreak Updates- Doctors Without Borders latest updates on the outbreak in West Africa.
References
1. Misasi, John, et al. Camouflage and Misdirection: The full-on Assault of Ebola Virus Disease. Cell. 2014, 159, 477-486.
2. WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa- The first 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2014, 371, 1481-1495.
3. Warren, Travis, et al. Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430. Nature. 2014, 508, 402-405.
4. Caballero, Ignacio, et al. Lassa and Marburg viruses elicit distinct host transcriptional responses early after infection. BMC Genomics. 2014, 15, 1-12.
5. Shabman, Reed, et al. Deep Sequencing Identified Noncanonical Editing of Ebola and Marburg Virus RNAs in Infected Cells. American Society for Microbiology. 2014, 5, 1-11.
6. Beer, Brigitte, et al. Characteristics of Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola Viruses. Naturwissenschaften. 1999, 86, 8-17.
7. Martines, Roosecelis, et al. Tissue and cellular tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg Viruses. The Journal of Pathology. 2014, 1-75.
8. Bausch, Daniel, et al. Treatment of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers: A strategy for testing new drugs and vaccines under outbreak conditions. Elsevier. 2008, 78, 150-161.
9. Jemielity S, et al. TIM-family Proteins Promote Infection of Multiple Enveloped Viruses through Virion-associated Phosphatidylserine. PLoS. 2013, 9, 1-14.
10. Reid, Patrick, et al. Ebola Virus VP24 Proteins Inhibit the Interaction of NPI-1 Subfamily Karyopherin α Proteins with Activated STAT1. Journal of Virology. 2007, 13469-13477.
Edited by (Constanza Jackson), a student of Nora Sullivan in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges Spring 2014.
