Rabies Lyssavirus
Introduction
Rabies Lyssavirus, commonly known as the Rabies virus, is a type of neurotropic virus that causes rabies in mammals.[1]
Rabies virus is preventable for humans through vaccination or fast-acting shot that contains rabies immune globulin after one got bitten. Other mammals can also get the vaccination for the prevention of rabies virus.[2]Once the Rabies virus is transmitted through bite or saliva of rabid animals, it will transmit to the central nervous system(CNS)and infects the peripheral nerves. If bites from rabies-infected animals did not receive immediate care, and rabies symptoms start to appear in patients, it is usually fetal.
There is currently no cure for the Rabies virus, and it carries approximately 55,000 lives away each year.[3]
Structure
Rabies Lyssavirus belongs to the family Rhabdoviruses and the genus Lyssavirus. Rabies Lyssavirus is a bullet-shaped RNA virus that contains one copy of a enveloped single-stranded non-coding RNA genome[4]Rabies Lyssavirus genome encodes five essential structural proteins:
Nucleoprotein(N):
The nucleoprotein encapsidates the non-coding RNA genome to form the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). The resulting RNP is responsible for the protection of rabies virus genome from RNA degradation cause by ribonuclease. Other than genome protection, nucleoprotein is also a antigens for viruses due to their group and strain-specific antigenic determinants.[5]
Phosphoprotein(P):
Polymerase protein(L):
Matrix Protein(M):
Glycoprotein(G):
Forms glycoprotein spikes on the outer envelope of the virus, which allows the virus to be recognized and aid in its binding to host cells.
The two major components of the Rabies virus are the ribonucleoprotein complex(RNP) and the surrounding cell envelope.
Out of the five proteins, nucleoprotein(N), Phosphoprotein(P), and Polymerase protein(P) are associated with the RNP. The matrix protein is responsible for covering and keeping the RNP in a condensed form. The rabies virus envelope is constructed of a phospholipid bilayer with glycoprotein spikes.
Genetics
Include some current research, with a second image.
Evolution
Research, image.
Vaccination
Research, pre and post vaccination, image
Case Studies
Jeanna Giese and California girl 2009, similar Milwaukee treatment. Image
Research
Research directions: permeability of the blood-brain barrier, central nervous system. Rabies virus outer shell, which is unable to cause disease, can be used in other medical field.
Conclusion
Overall text length should be at least 1,000 words (before counting references), with at least 2 images. Include at least 5 references under Reference section.
References
- ↑ Rabies - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2019. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821
- ↑ Rabies Vaccine [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2009. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/rabies.pdf
- ↑ Is Rabies Really 100% Fatal? | Viruses101 | Learn Science at Scitable [Internet]. Nature.com. 2013. Available from: https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/viruses101/is_rabies_really_100_fatal/
- ↑ What is Rabies? | Rabies | CDC [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/about.html.
- ↑ Koser M, McGettigan J, Tan G, Smith M, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B et al. Rabies virus nucleoprotein as a carrier for foreign antigens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [Internet]. 2004;101(25):9405-9410. Available from: https://www.pnas.org/content/101/25/9405
Edited by Yangyang Liu, student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2019, Kenyon College.