Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2

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By Andrew Van Horn


Introduction

Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2 (SIRV2) is a lytic double-stranded DNA archaeal virus that infects Sulfolobus archaea [1] [2]. SIRV2 falls into the greater taxonomy of the Rudiviridae family. Microbiologists have taken interest in SIRV2 due to its thermophilic and acidophilic properties needed to infect Sulfolobus. SIRV2 displays unique properties from many other viruses [1]. These include a unique viral release mechanism of which there are very few similar structures found in the natural world. Furthermore, SIRV2 is a lytic virus that acts by severely degrading host chromosomes. Additionally, SIRV2 is commonly at the forefront of the generally limited field of archaeal viral research [3][4].

Sulfolobus islandicus Archaeon

Sulfolobus islandicus is an archaeon commonly found in Icelandic sulfur hot springs [5]. S. islandicus is a member of the Sulfolobaceae family and the Sulfolobales order. Once more, S. islandicus is a member of the Crenaracheota kingdom of the phylum Archaea. S. islandicus thrives in extreme environments of acidic pH 3 and high temperatures around 80°C. Notably, the intracellular pH of S. islandicus is only slightly acidic, approximately pH 6. Additionally, S. islandicus metabolizes sulfur, though the methods can vary between strains and species [6]. Sulfur metabolism can be done through sulfur oxygenase/reductase and sulfur reductase, among others. However, the extensive methods of sulfur metabolism in S. islandicus are poorly understood.

Pathogenicity

Viral Life Cycle

Infection

Genome Replication

Virion Release

Anti-CRISPR Defense Mechanisms

CRISPR-editing of the SIRV2 Genome

Nanotechnology

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bize A, Karlsson EA, Ekefjä Rd B K, Quax TEF, Pina M, Prevost M-C, Forterre P, Tenaillon O, Bernander R, Prangishvili D. 2009. A unique virus release mechanism in the Archaea.
  2. ↑ Prangishvili D, Arnold HP, Götz D, Ziese U, Holz I, Kristjansson JK, Zillig W. 1999. A Novel Virus Family, the Rudiviridae: Structure, Virus-Host Interactions and Genome Variability of the Sulfolobus Viruses SIRV1 and SIRV2.
  3. ↑ Peng X, Mayo-Muñoz D, Bhoobalan-Chitty Y, Martínez-Álvarez L. 2020. Anti-CRISPR Proteins in Archaea.
  4. ↑ Mayo-Muñoz D, He F, Jørgensen JB, Madsen PK, Bhoobalan-Chitty Y, Peng X. 2018. Anti-crispr-based and crispr-based genome editing of sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2. Viruses 10.
  5. ↑ Lewis AM, Recalde A, Bräsen C, Bräsen B, Counts JA, Nussbaum P, Bost J, Schocke L, Shen L, Willard DJ, Quax TEF, Peeters E, Siebers B, Albers S-V, Kelly RM. 2021. The biology of thermoacidophilic archaea from the order Sulfolobales. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 063:1–60.
  6. ↑ Dai X, Wang H, Zhang Z, Li K, Zhang X, Mora-López M, Jiang C, Liu C, Wang L, Zhu Y, Hernández-Ascencio W, Dong Z, Huang L. 2016. Genome sequencing of sulfolobus sp. A20 from costa rica and comparative analyses of the putative pathways of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism in various sulfolobus strains. Frontiers in Microbiology 7.



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2022, Kenyon College

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