User:MacbethR
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus MacbethR
Classification
Higher order taxa
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alpha Proteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Spotted fever group
Species
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Rickettsia rickettsii
Description and significance
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important. Rickettsia rickettsii is a small (0.3-1.5μm), rod-shaped, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium. The bacteria typically reside within ticks. A bite from an infected tick can cause infection in a mammal, and in humans R. rickettsii infection causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF). R. rickettsii has only been identified in the Western Hemisphere, and it has been found in all 48 continental states in the U.S. except Maine (1). Established tick hosts of R. rickettsii in the US include the American dog tick, D. variabilis, the Rocky Mountain wood tick, D. andersoni, and the brown dog tick, R. sanguineus. The tick D. variabilis and thus R. rickettsii are commonly found in the eastern US deciduous forest biome (1,2). The Rocky Mountain wood tick, D. andersoni, is found predominantly in the Western US (10).
The incidence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever has increased during the last decade from less than 2 cases per million persons in 2000 to over 8 cases per million persons in 2008 (2). Over 60% of the cases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever occur in 5 states: North Carolina, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Missouri (2).
Image of R. rickettsii under microscopy (3).
Genome structure
Rickettsia rickettsii have a single circular genome (4). It contains 1,257,710 bases and 1,382 open reading frames (4,5). The guanine and cytosine content is 32% (5). The genomes of two strains of R. rickettsii have been completed: the Sheila Smith strain and the Iowa strain. The Sheila Smith strain is virulent and the Iowa strain is non-virulent (5).
Cell structure and metabolism
The outer membrane of the R. rickettsii have two large surface proteins, rompA and rompB, with rompB being much more prevalent than romp A (6). The fraction of rompB:rompA is approximately 9:1 (6). Romp stands for rickettsial outer membrane protein (6).
R. rickettsii has a less then 125 nm slime layer and 16 nm microcapsular layer (7). The inner leaflet is 6.2 nm and the outer leaflet is 2.5 nm (7). The total cell wall is 13 nm, and its cytoplasmic membrane is 5.7 nm (7). R. rickettsii recruit actin at the surface of the bacteria cell to induce microfilament production and allow the bacterial cells to move within the host’s tissue cells (12). Also, their cells walls contain muramic acid (11).
Image of R. rickettsii cell under electron microscopy showing the inner and outer leaflet of the cell wall. The bar represents 0.25 μm (7).
Penicillin inhibits the growth of R. rickettsii and results in the formation of spheroplasts, which lack a fully developed cell wall (8).
The Rickettsia rickettsii divide by binary fission rather than a more complex developmental cycle, and they will oxidize glutamate to produce ATP (11).
Ecology
Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment.
Pathology
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
Current Research and or Application to Biotechnology
Enter summaries of the most recent research and/or application to biotechnology here--at least three required
References
Edited by student of Dr. Lynn M Bedard, DePauw University http://www.depauw.edu
