Adeno-Associated Viruses as Gene Therapy Vectors: Difference between revisions

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Genetic mutations in humans can be devastating in all types of organisms when those mutations negatively affect the way the organism lives within its environment. These mutated genes produce inadequate protein products, which may compromise the organism’s survivability and viability. Some common diseases that have been shown to be caused be hereditary gene mutations are breast cancer, colon cancer, Crohn’s disease, Down syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Sickle Cell disease, and many more. One way that diseases of this type are treated is through gene therapy, which is the process by which new, healthy, genes are transplanted into cells with mutated DNA using viral vectors that implant their DNA into the host’s chromosome. One particular type of virus utilized by molecular biologists is the adenovirus. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral, medium-sized (90-100nm), and are found in 49 immunologically distinct forms. Adenoviruses are effective as viral vectors because they can target a wide variety of cells and induce high-level gene expression of those transduced genes. Furthermore, of the 35kb that wild-type adenoviruses contain, roughly 30kb can be replaced with foreign DNA, which makes these viruses particularly plastic. Adenoviruses typically use four “early” transcriptional units that code for non-structural, regulatory, proteins, and set of “late” that code for structural proteins that make up the virus particles. These “late” genes are driven by a very strong promoter that, when bound, results in the production of a very large number of proteins. The first adenovirus vectors created had their “early” genes knocked out, which helped scientists solve two basic problems. It prevented the virus from being able to replicate, and it made room for genes to be implanted into the genome.
==Introduction==
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]
<br><br>Other examples:
<br><b>Bold</b>
<br><i>Italic</i>
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup>


==Types of Adenovirus Vectors==


==Development of Vectors==
 
<br>Introduce the topic of your paper.  What microorganisms are of interest?  Habitat?  Applications for medicine and/or environment?<br>
 
==Section 1==
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br>
 
==Section 2==
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br>
 
==Section 3==
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br>
 
==Conclusion==
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures.<br>
 
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
 
Edited by student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol238/biol238syl09.html BIOL 238 Microbiology], 2009, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].

Revision as of 00:18, 16 April 2009

Introduction

Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.


At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:
Double brackets: [[
Filename: PHIL_1181_lores.jpg
Thumbnail status: |thumb|
Pixel size: |300px|
Placement on page: |right|
Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
Closed double brackets: ]]

Other examples:
Bold
Italic
Subscript: H2O
Superscript: Fe3+



Introduce the topic of your paper. What microorganisms are of interest? Habitat? Applications for medicine and/or environment?

Section 1


Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 2


Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 3


Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.

Conclusion


Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures.

References

[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.

Edited by student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 238 Microbiology, 2009, Kenyon College.

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