Calcium signaling in plant-microbe interaction: Difference between revisions
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) is an important second messenger involved in many signaling pathways in plants. The intracellular concentration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> connects the extracellular stimuli, including the signal of microbes, to intracellular and allow the respond in plants. Since Ca<sup>2+</sup> cannot be synthesized or degraded by plant, its concentration in the cytoplasm of a plant cell ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>cyt</sub>) is completely dependent on the balance of its entry and efflux process. The concentration is regulated tightly by various membrane proteins, such as Ca<sup>2+</sup> permeable channels, transporters, and Ca2+ pumps. Different microbe signals trigger distinctive Ca<sup>2+</sup> elevation patterns, referred to as Ca<sup>2+</sup> signature, that can be different from each other from various aspects: amplitude, duration, frequency, spatial distribution, and times of cycle in [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>cyt</sub> changes. The Ca<sup>2+</sup> signature produced by microbe signal can be decoded by downstream effectors and will result in transcriptional reprogramming of the defense or symbiosis-related genes by the transcription factors.<br><br> | |||
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==Section 1 Genetics== | ==Section 1 Genetics== | ||
Revision as of 02:57, 7 November 2021
Introduction
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is an important second messenger involved in many signaling pathways in plants. The intracellular concentration of Ca2+ connects the extracellular stimuli, including the signal of microbes, to intracellular and allow the respond in plants. Since Ca2+ cannot be synthesized or degraded by plant, its concentration in the cytoplasm of a plant cell ([Ca2+]cyt) is completely dependent on the balance of its entry and efflux process. The concentration is regulated tightly by various membrane proteins, such as Ca2+ permeable channels, transporters, and Ca2+ pumps. Different microbe signals trigger distinctive Ca2+ elevation patterns, referred to as Ca2+ signature, that can be different from each other from various aspects: amplitude, duration, frequency, spatial distribution, and times of cycle in [Ca2+]cyt changes. The Ca2+ signature produced by microbe signal can be decoded by downstream effectors and will result in transcriptional reprogramming of the defense or symbiosis-related genes by the transcription factors.
Section 1 Genetics
Include some current research, with at least one image.
Sample citations: [1]
[2]
A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
Section 2 Microbiome
Include some current research, with a second image.
Conclusion
Overall text length (all text sections) should be at least 1,000 words (before counting references), with at least 2 images.
Include at least 5 references under References section.
References
- ↑ Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
- ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
- ↑ Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA, Demaria AN, Huber PW, Mason DT. Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1981 May;29(5):576-81.
Edited by Yueqi Song, student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2021, Kenyon College.
