Clostridium piliforme

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Clostridium piliforme is a pathogenic bacteria discovered by Ernest Edward Tyzzer in 1917 and is the pathogen responsible for Tyzzer's Disease.[1]

Characteristics

Clostridium piliforme silver stain Merck

What kind of microbe is it (eg Cell morphology, shape, phylogenetic classification)? Is its genome sequenced, and if so, how big is the genome?

Clostridium piliforme, formerly known as Bacillus piliformis, is a large (8-40 mm) gram negative filamentous rod shaped bacteria. It is a member of the family Clostridiaceae. It is an intracellular, spore forming, obligate anaerobe. C. piliforme is motile in nature and highly pleomorphic.[1]

Due to normal staining procedures producing weak results, confirmation of the bacteria is usually done with silver impregnation or Giemsa stains. The bacteria cannot be grown in a cell free environment but can be grown in hen eggs and some mammalian cell cultures.

Susceptible Hosts

What host/s is/are involved? Is there host specificity? Are there secondary reservoirs?

C. piliforme can infect a variety of hosts but is most commonly found in rodents. It can infect hosts either through the inhalation or ingestion of spores or via an oral fecal route, usually through the consumption of the feces of an already infected animal. Acquisition via spores is the most common method as the spores can survive in a variety of environments for long periods of time.

Disease

What kind of interaction do host and symbiont have? How is the host affected by the relationship? How does the host acquire and transmit the symbiont? Is the interaction obligate or facultative?

Acquisition of Clostridium piliforme usually leads to the arising of Tyzzer's Disease in the host. The initial signs of Tyzzer's Disease are generally nonspecific symptoms such as anorexia, diarrhea, depression and a ruffled coat, making it hard to identify early on. Sudden death with no symptoms can also happen, although this is much more likely in younger creatures and those who are stressed due to environmental circumstances such as overcrowding. Those with symptoms have an extremely high mortality rate (90 percent in rabbits).

C. piliforme mainly resides in the organs of the digestive system. It first infects the ileum and cecum, followed by passing through the hepatic portal into the liver, and later on can infect other tissues in the body, residing within the cytoplasm of infected cells. Necrotic foci can develop in infected tissue. Immunosuppressed individuals are at a higher risk of both acquiring and dying from the illness, specifically those with B cell defects.

The current way to test for C. piliforme is to do and ELISA for antibodies, but this has the possibility of coming up false positive. Most diagnoses are done post mortem through the staining and microscopic analysis of organs.

References

[1] Tyzzer EE. A fatal disease of the Japanese waltzing mouse caused by a spore-bearing bacillus (Bacillus piliformis, N. SP.) J Med Res 1917; 37:307-338.]

Edited by Seth Litvin, student of Grace Lim-Fong

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