Planctomyces brasiliensis
This Funk Microbial Biorealm Genus template page is a guide for each student when creating and adding an entirely new species to MicrobeWiki. COPY AND PASTE this entire template (below) to set up a new page for a new species entry, then begin to fill in and edit the page. State at the bottom of the page that the page is "Authored by [your Student Name]" in front of "a student of CJ Funk at John Brown University".
Classification
Higher order taxa
Bacteria; Planctomycetes; Planctomycetacia; Planctomycetales; Planctomycetaceae [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
Species
|
NCBI: [1] |
Planctomyces brasiliensis
Planctomyces brasiliensis is an aquatic bacteria that belongs to the Planctomycetales order, whose habitat are salt pits. first, they were mistakenly identified as planctonic fungus(Lage and Bondoso, 2012). Its name can be broken into two parts for a better understanding of the meaning of this species. Planctomyces comes from the Greek word “Planktos”, which means floating and “mukes” means fungus; therefore, meaning a floating fungus (Scheuner et al, 2014). Brasiliensis is a Latin word that describes where this bacteria belongs to or where it was first isolated, which in this case is Brazil (Scheuner et al, 2014). P. brasiliensis was first isolated in Brazil in the year 1982 at Lagoa Vermehla located in the Atlantic coast north of Rio de Janeiro.
P. brasiliensis consist of a 0.7 – 1.8 µm diameter, its characteristic shape consist of a spherical to egg-shaped (Krieg et al, 2011). Its cell wall lacks peptidoglycan but it does have a proteinaceous layer, which makes it more likely to be a gram-negative bacteria (Jeske et al, 2014). The colonies of P. brasiliensis are dry and rough, its colony color at its maximum temperature growth can vary from yellow to ochre. The optimum growth temperature is from 27 to 35 °C (Scheuner et al, 2014). It has cellular appendages such as fibrils that are all randomly distributed around the cell. A monotrichous flagellum of about 20 nm can be observed (Scheuner et al, 2014) in P. brasiliensis, although no motility has been reported yet (Krieg et al, 2011).
Genome and genetics
Planctomyces brasiliensis belongs to the bacteria branch of prokaryotes. Related species to P. brasiliensis are Planctomyces limnophilus, Planctomyces maris, and Planctomyces sp. This bacteria does not show any extra chromosomal element (scheuner et al, 2014).
P. brasiliensis BLAST sequence can be found in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NR_074297.1 and it consists of 6,006,602 base pair long. It has a G + C content of 56.5%. The DNA coding region consists of 5,145,779 which is 85.67% of the genome size. The number of replicons is equal to one. P. brasiliensis has a total number of genes of 4,865, where 54 are RNA genes, 2 are rRNA operons, 4,811 are protein-coding genes, and 61 are pseudogenes. P. brasiliensis has two CRISPR repeats (Scheuner et al, 2014).
Nutrition and metabolism
P. brasiliensis was first isolated in a salt pit at the Atlantic coast of Rio de Janeiro; it requires NaCl for growth and it could be considered a halophilic species, since it has a tolerance to salt (0.1 - 1.7 mol salt Na+/l).
This bacteria obtains its carbon molecules from organic compounds. It oxidizes the chemical bonds in organic compounds as their energy source. P. Brasiliensis is considered a chemoorganotroph for this particular growth characteristic. This bacteria can growth under several types of sugar sources such as D-cellobiose, D(+)-glucose, D(+)-galactose, maltose, D(+)-mannose, melibiose, rhamnose, ribose, trehalose, N-acetyl glucosamine, and glucuronate. Carbon sources such as D(−)-fructose, D-fucose, D(−)-lyxose, α-D-melezitose, raffinose, L(−)-sorbose, D(+)-xylose, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, D(−)-mannitol, D(−)-sorbitol, acetate, fumarate, lactate, malate, pyruvate and succinate cannot be used as energy source (Schelesner, 1982). It is a facultative aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria and some strains are able to reduce nitrate to nitrite under anaerobic conditions.
P. brasiliensis has an optimal growth temperature of 27 - 35°C. However, in a laboratory study it was grown in DSMZ medium 607 (M13 Verrucomicrobium medium) at 30°C.
It grown by fermentation or, as mentioned before, the respiration of sugars. P. brasiliensis can degrade chitin and it has the ability of Ammonia oxidation in anaerobic conditions, where NH4 + NO2- > N2 + 2H2O is the anammox process. The enzyme hydroxylamine oxidoreductase catalyzes the oxidation of hydrazine and hydroxylamine.
Ecology
P. brasiliensis can be found in fresh and salt water, acid water bogs, hot springs, cattle manure, garbage dumps, and rice paddies.
Current Research
Describe recent research and findings that have been done with this organism. The research can be clinical, applied or basic research. This section should be based on 2 recent papers (10 years or less) and summarized in your own words.
Carmen Scheuner, Brian J Tindall, Megan Lu, Matt Nolan, Alla Lapidus, Jan-Fang Cheng, Lynne Goodwin, Sam Pitluck, Marcel Huntemann et al. 2014. Complete genome sequence of Planctomyces brasiliensis type strain (DSM 5305T), phylogenomic analysis and reclassification of Planctomycetes including the descriptions of Gimesia gen. nov., Planctopirus gen. nov. and Rubinisphaera gen. nov. and emended descriptions of the order Planctomycetales and the family Planctomycetaceae. Stand Genomic Sci. 9: 10
Jeske O, Schüler M, Schumann P, Schneider A, Boedeker C, Jogler M, Bollschweiler D, Rohde M, Mayer C, Engelhardt H. Planctomycetes do posses a peptidoglycan cell wall. Nat Commun. 6: 7116
Olga M. Lage and Joana Bondoso. 2012. Bringing Planctomycetes into pure culture. Front Microbiol. 3: 405
Noel R. Krieg, James T. staley, Daniel R. Brown, Brian P. Hedlund, Bruce J. Paster, Naomi L. Ward, Wolfgang Ludwig and William B. Whitman. 2011. Bergey’s Manual of systematic Bacteriology. Second Edition. Springer. P. 879-895
Authored by [Fidel Gallegos], a student of CJ Funk at John Brown University
