Pleurotus ostreatus: Difference between revisions
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Since the commencement of the Anthropocene, humans have continued to produce increasingly significant amounts of conventionally deemed waste products. Ranging from carcinogens to to complex hydrocarbons, the recent accumulation of these synthetic and organic compounds throughout global ecosystems continuously compounds into an ever increasing environmental concern (cite COP 25). Recently, efforts to combat this problematic trend have brought rise to the field of mycoremediation, a subfield of bioremediation. Mycoremediation works around the concept of potentializing non discriminate fungal enzymes as a means of concentrating, removing, and recycling complex pollutants. Among a small handful of other fungal species, <b>Pleurotus ostreatus</b>, a saprotroph commonly known as an Oyster Mushroom, serves a fundamental role in both the development and implementation of this field. Ironically first cultivated as a wartime ration, scientists are now looking now to this achaea for it’s potential in regard to heavy metal and organic bioremediation.<br><br> | Since the commencement of the Anthropocene, humans have continued to produce increasingly significant amounts of conventionally deemed waste products. Ranging from carcinogens to to complex hydrocarbons, the recent accumulation of these synthetic and organic compounds throughout global ecosystems continuously compounds into an ever increasing environmental concern (cite COP 25). Recently, efforts to combat this problematic trend have brought rise to the field of mycoremediation, a subfield of bioremediation. Mycoremediation works around the concept of potentializing non discriminate fungal enzymes as a means of concentrating, removing, and recycling complex pollutants. Among a small handful of other fungal species, <b>Pleurotus ostreatus</b>, a saprotroph commonly known as an Oyster Mushroom, serves a fundamental role in both the development and implementation of this field. Ironically first cultivated as a wartime ration, scientists are now looking now to this achaea for it’s potential in regard to heavy metal and organic bioremediation.<br><br> | ||
the processes of Mycoremediation practiced by Pleurotus ostreatus can occur through the following three avenues: Biodegradation, Biosorption, and <b>Bioconversion</b> (cite https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052754/). <b>Biodegradation</b> focuses around the process of disassembling complex nutrients into more elementary mineral components (CO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O). In addition to removing organic pollutants, the fruiting body of the fungi produced during this process can also serve as a source of ~people food~. <b>Biosorpton</b> centralizes less around catabolic activity and rather involves absorptive interactions with heavy metal ions. Because this process focuses around concentration rather than degradation, the fruiting bodies produced through this process are both toxic and inedible. Lastly, <b>Bioconversion</b> pertains to the recycling of agro-industrial sludges, an umbrella term for compounded organic waste. this serves as a useful alternative to recirculating said sludge as fertilizer in agricultural systems. | the processes of Mycoremediation practiced by Pleurotus ostreatus can occur through the following three avenues: Biodegradation, Biosorption, and <b>Bioconversion</b> (cite https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052754/). <b>Biodegradation</b> focuses around the process of disassembling complex nutrients into more elementary mineral components (CO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O). In addition to removing organic pollutants, the fruiting body of the fungi produced during this process can also serve as a source of ~people food~. <b>Biosorpton</b> centralizes less around catabolic activity and rather involves absorptive interactions with heavy metal ions. Because this process focuses around concentration rather than degradation, the fruiting bodies produced through this process are both toxic and inedible. Lastly, <b>Bioconversion</b> pertains to the recycling of agro-industrial sludges, an umbrella term for compounded organic waste. this serves as a useful alternative to recirculating said sludge as fertilizer in agricultural systems.<br><br> | ||
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==Section 1 -- Cellular Structure== | ==Section 1 -- Cellular Structure== | ||
Revision as of 05:25, 16 April 2020
Overview
Written by Chris Goodall, Kenyon 22'
Since the commencement of the Anthropocene, humans have continued to produce increasingly significant amounts of conventionally deemed waste products. Ranging from carcinogens to to complex hydrocarbons, the recent accumulation of these synthetic and organic compounds throughout global ecosystems continuously compounds into an ever increasing environmental concern (cite COP 25). Recently, efforts to combat this problematic trend have brought rise to the field of mycoremediation, a subfield of bioremediation. Mycoremediation works around the concept of potentializing non discriminate fungal enzymes as a means of concentrating, removing, and recycling complex pollutants. Among a small handful of other fungal species, Pleurotus ostreatus, a saprotroph commonly known as an Oyster Mushroom, serves a fundamental role in both the development and implementation of this field. Ironically first cultivated as a wartime ration, scientists are now looking now to this achaea for it’s potential in regard to heavy metal and organic bioremediation.
the processes of Mycoremediation practiced by Pleurotus ostreatus can occur through the following three avenues: Biodegradation, Biosorption, and Bioconversion (cite https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052754/). Biodegradation focuses around the process of disassembling complex nutrients into more elementary mineral components (CO2, NO3, H2O). In addition to removing organic pollutants, the fruiting body of the fungi produced during this process can also serve as a source of ~people food~. Biosorpton centralizes less around catabolic activity and rather involves absorptive interactions with heavy metal ions. Because this process focuses around concentration rather than degradation, the fruiting bodies produced through this process are both toxic and inedible. Lastly, Bioconversion pertains to the recycling of agro-industrial sludges, an umbrella term for compounded organic waste. this serves as a useful alternative to recirculating said sludge as fertilizer in agricultural systems.
Section 1 -- Cellular Structure
niche formation, historical uses, all that good stuff
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.
Section 2 -- Pleurotus ostreatus: the next heavy metal champion
--in introducing the topic of heavy metal bioremediation we should centralize it around a more through introduction on biosorption--
"Heavy metal pollution due to coal washery effluent and its decontamination using a macrofungus, Pleurotus ostreatus".
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.001
Additionally, Biosorption does not require Pleurotus ostreatus to necessarily be alive increasingly factoring into its potential use for the management of industrial efflux. (Mar'in A, Conti C, Gobbi G. Sorption of lead and caesium by mushrooms grown in natural conditions. Res Environ Biotechnol. 1997;4:35–49.)
“Ligninolytic fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bjerkandera adusta, and Pleurotus ostreatus, have the capacity of PAH degradation. The enzymes involved in the degradation of PAHs are ligninolytic and include lignin peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, Mn-peroxidase, and laccase.” https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/243217
"Biosorption of cadmium ions using Pleurotus ostreatus: Growth kinetics, isotherm study and biosorption mechanism"
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11814-010-0435-9
this focuses around the recycing of cadmium, and the extraction from the fruiting body for further use.
(include some information on inorganic bioremediation)
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Section 3 -- Pleurotus ostreatus: powered by fossil fuels
“Bioremediation of long-term PCB-contaminated soil by white-rot fungi” doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.044.
- “The best results were obtained with P. ostreatus, which resulted in PCB removals of 18.5, 41.3 and 50.5% from the bulk, top (surface) and rhizosphere, respectively, of dumpsite soils after 12 weeks of treatment”
“Metabolism of phenanthrene by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779594
"Anti-Growth Factors Associated with Pleurotus ostreatus in a Submerged Liquid
Fermentation" https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Malaysian+J+Microbiol&title=Anti-growth+factors+associated+with+Pleurotus+ostreatus+in+a+submerged+liquid+fermentation&author=JB+Akinyele&author=S+Fakoya&author=CF+Adetuyi&volume=4&publication_year=2012&pages=135-140&
basically this is looking into industrial sludge being recycled into something useful. it's not necessarily toxic by any means, more of just waste product that they couldn't find use for and is quite difficult to get rid of.
"Degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic by Pleurotus ostreatus."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967057
less of an organic waste cleanup and more of a recycling effort, this avenue speaks on the ability for these mushrooms to recycle a more eco-friendly source of plastic.
(include some information on organic bioremediation)
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Section 4 -- The Carcinogen Cleaner
literally resistant to other clean up measures and carcinogenic in cases
nope, our mushroom friends said fuck it, i’ll turn that into a fruiting body
Bioremediation of Direct Blue 14 and Extracellular Ligninolytic Enzyme Production by White Rot Fungi: Pleurotus Spp. doi:10.1155/2013/180156
Conclusion
References
Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2018, Kenyon College.
