Pleurotus ostreatus

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Overview

Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body budding from deciduous tree trunk. Photograph was taken by and uploaded to first nature by collaborators.

Written by Chris Goodall, Kenyon 22'

Since the commencement of the Anthropocene, humans have continued to produce increasingly significant amounts of conventionally deemed waste products. Ranging from carcinogens to to complex hydrocarbons, the recent accumulation of these synthetic and organic compounds throughout global ecosystems continuously compounds into an ever increasing environmental concern (cite COP 25). Recently, efforts to combat this problematic trend have brought rise to the field of mycoremediation, a subfield of bioremediation. Mycoremediation works around the concept of potentializing non discriminate fungal enzymes as a means of concentrating, removing, and recycling complex pollutants. Among a small handful of other fungal species, Pleurotus ostreatus, a saprotroph commonly known as an Oyster Mushroom, serves a fundamental role in both the development and implementation of this field. Ironically first cultivated as a wartime ration, scientists are now looking now to this achaea for it’s potential in regard to heavy metal and organic bioremediation.

the processes of Mycoremediation practiced by Pleurotus ostreatus can occur through the following three avenues: Biodegradation, Biosorption, and Bioconversion (cite https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052754/). Biodegradation focuses around the process of disassembling complex nutrients into more elementary mineral components (CO_2, NO_3, H_2O). Biosorpton, on the other hand, centralizes less around catabolic activity and rather involves absorptive interactions with heavy metal ions.

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Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC. Every image requires a link to the source.
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Introduce the topic of your paper. What is your research question? What experiments have addressed your question? Applications for medicine and/or environment?
Sample citations:

A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>"
The repeated citation works like this, with a back slash.

Section 1 -- Cellular Structure

niche formation, historical uses, all that good stuff Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.

Section 2 -- Pleurotus ostreatus: the next heavy metal champion

"Heavy metal pollution due to coal washery effluent and its decontamination using a macrofungus, Pleurotus ostreatus".
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.001


-- in introducing the topic of heavy metal bioremediation we should centralize it around a more through introduction on biosorption--
Additionally, Biosorption does not require Pleurotus ostreatus to necessarily be alive increasingly factoring into its potential use for the management of industrial efflux. (Mar'in A, Conti C, Gobbi G. Sorption of lead and caesium by mushrooms grown in natural conditions. Res Environ Biotechnol. 1997;4:35–49.)
“Ligninolytic fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bjerkandera adusta, and Pleurotus ostreatus, have the capacity of PAH degradation. The enzymes involved in the degradation of PAHs are ligninolytic and include lignin peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, Mn-peroxidase, and laccase.” https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/243217

"Biosorption of cadmium ions using Pleurotus ostreatus: Growth kinetics, isotherm study and biosorption mechanism"
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11814-010-0435-9
this focuses around the recycing of cadmium, and the extraction from the fruiting body for further use.

(include some information on inorganic bioremediation)

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 3 -- Pleurotus ostreatus: powered by fossil fuels

“Bioremediation of long-term PCB-contaminated soil by white-rot fungi” doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.044. 

• “The best results were obtained with P. ostreatus, which resulted in PCB removals of 18.5, 41.3 and 50.5% from the bulk, top (surface) and rhizosphere, respectively, of dumpsite soils after 12 weeks of treatment”
  
  

“Metabolism of phenanthrene by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779594

"Degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic by Pleurotus ostreatus." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967057
less of an organic waste cleanup and more of a recycling effort, this avenue speaks on the ability for these mushrooms to recycle a more eco-friendly source of plastic.

(include some information on organic bioremediation)

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 4 -- The Carcinogen Cleaner

literally resistant to other clean up measures and carcinogenic in cases nope, our mushroom friends said fuck it, i’ll turn that into a fruiting body

Bioremediation of Direct Blue 14 and Extracellular Ligninolytic Enzyme Production by White Rot Fungi: Pleurotus Spp. doi:10.1155/2013/180156

References

Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2018, Kenyon College.