Simian Immunodeficiency Virus – Research subjects for vaccine and drug development and models for the origin of HIV and AIDS

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
Revision as of 02:26, 25 April 2020 by Pham2 (talk | contribs) (→‎Overview)
This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki.

Overview

Figure 1: Rhesus macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta). The first species that were found to harbor a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac), which this species is likely to have acquired from sooty mangabeys (Cerocebus atys) in human’s captivity[1] [2]. Link image: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/458311699574399832/?autologin=true&nic_v1=1aHVhF8U1hKE5kWAieTuB0eqJtM3WP6RMUuzYEZCg0ykT0aO34yDNivz2yveYa%2B35S

Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) are a group within the Lentiviridae genus of retrovirus family, (Retroviridae) whose genome is ribonucleic acid (RNA) but reverse transcribe to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) intermediates before making viral proteins. This viral group is found naturally infecting more than 40 African monkeys (or Old World monkeys – Cercopithecidae family) and 2 species of great apes, namely chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)[3]. SIV are the most closely related viruses to the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV–1 and HIV–2), which cause acquire immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in human[4]. Despite being called “immunodeficiency viruses”, SIV do not usually result in any AIDS-like syndromes in many of their natural African monkey host communities, such as sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and Colobus monkeys (Colobinae subfamily) even with high viral counts in infected individuals and high prevalence of infection (up to 59% of a community can be infected)[5][6][7][8]. This suggests that SIV have a long history of coevolution with these natural hosts. However, there has evidence suggesting recent host jumps of SIV from their long-adapted hosts to new host species such as chimpanzees in the wilds, macaques in captives (an example of Asian monkeys who have much less exposure to SIV than the African ones) and humans, where they developed into new strands through combinations and mutations and became pathogenic in the new host [9][10][11][12]. In macaques and chimpanzees, (SAIDS) similar to AIDS in human[13][14]. Thus, researches into SIV, in both their natural reservoir and laboratory model primates, not only reveals the origin of HIV and AIDS, but also help further understandings in HIV’s pathology and developments of HIV and AIDS prevention and treatments.

Section 1

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.

Section 2

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 3

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 4

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ Murphey-Corb, Michael, Louis N. Martin, S. R. S. Rangan, Gary B. Baskin, Bobby J. Gormus, Robert H. Wolf, W. Abe Andes, Melanie West, and Ronald C. Montelaro. 1986. “Isolation of an HTLV-III-Related Retrovirus from Macaques with Simian AIDS and Its Possible Origin in Asymptomatic Mangabeys.” Nature 321(6068):435–37.
  2. ↑ Sharp, Paul M., and Beatrice H. Hahn. 2010. “The Evolution of HIV-1 and the Origin of AIDS.”
  3. ↑ Sharp, Paul M., and Beatrice H. Hahn. 2011a. “Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 1(1):a006841.
  4. ↑ Perrone, Rosalba, Enrico Lavezzo, Giorgio Palu, and Sara Richter. 2017. “Conserved Presence of G-Quadruplex Forming Sequences in the Long Terminal Repeat Promoter of Lentiviruses.” Scientific Reports 7.
  5. ↑ Sharp2010
  6. ↑ Santiago, Mario L., Friederike Range, Brandon F. Keele, Yingying Li, Elizabeth Bailes, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Cecile Fruteau, Ronald Noë, Martine Peeters, John F. Y. Brookfield, George M. Shaw, Paul M. Sharp, and Beatrice H. Hahn. 2005. “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Free-Ranging Sooty Mangabeys (Cercocebus Atys Atys) from the Taï Forest, Côte d’Ivoire: Implications for the Origin of Epidemic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2.” Journal of Virology 79(19):12515–27.
  7. ↑ Peeters, Martine, and Valerie Courgnaud. 2002. “Overview of Primate Lentiviruses and Their Evolution in Non-Human Primates in Africa.” HIV Sequence Compendium.
  8. ↑ Beer, Brigitte E., Elizabeth Bailes, Robert Goeken, George Dapolito, Cheik Coulibaly, Stephen G. Norley, Reinhard Kurth, Jean-Pierre Gautier, Annie Gautier-Hion, and Dominique Vallet. 1999. “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from Sun-Tailed Monkeys (Cercopithecus Solatus): Evidence for Host-Dependent Evolution of SIV within the C. LhoestiSuperspecies.” Journal of Virology 73(9):7734–44.
  9. ↑ Keele, Brandon F., James Holland Jones, Karen A. Terio, Jacob D. Estes, Rebecca S. Rudicell, Michael L. Wilson, Yingying Li, Gerald H. Learn, T. Mark Beasley, Joann Schumacher-Stankey, Emily Wroblewski, Anna Mosser, Jane Raphael, Shadrack Kamenya, Elizabeth V Lonsdorf, Dominic A. Travis, Titus Mlengeya, Michael J. Kinsel, James G. Else, Guido Silvestri, Jane Goodall, Paul M. Sharp, George M. Shaw, Anne E. Pusey, and Beatrice H. Hahn. 2009. “Increased Mortality and AIDS-like Immunopathology in Wild Chimpanzees Infected with SIVcpz.” Nature 460(7254):515–19.
  10. ↑ Sharp, P. M., E. Bailes, F. Gao, B. E. Beer, V. M. Hirsch, and B. H. Hahn. 2000. “Origins and Evolution of AIDS Viruses: Estimating the Time-Scale.” Biochemical Society Transactions 28(2):275–82.
  11. ↑ Gardner, Murray B., and Paul A. Luciw. 1989. “Animal Models of AIDS.” The FASEB Journal 3(14):2593–2606.
  12. ↑ Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise. 1996. “HIV as the Cause of AIDS.” The Lancet 348(9019):31–35.
  13. ↑ Keele2009
  14. ↑ Letvin, N. L., K. A. Eaton, W. R. Aldrich, P. K. Sehgal, B. J. Blake, S. F. Schlossman, N. W. King, and R. D. Hunt. 1983. “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in a Colony of Macaque Monkeys.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80(9):2718–22.



Authored by [Minh Pham] for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2020, Kenyon College.

Retrieved from "https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Simian_Immunodeficiency_Virus_–_Research_subjects_for_vaccine_and_drug_development_and_models_for_the_origin_of_HIV_and_AIDS&oldid=139990"