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Jeniffer Denisse Loaiza Naranjo Bench D 31/08/16 [1]
Classification
Higher order taxa
Bacteria – Terrabcateria group – Actinobacteria – Actinobacteria – Micrococcales – Micrococcaceae – Rothia
Species
Rothia dentocariosa ATCC 17931
Description and significance
Rothia dentocariosa (R. dentocariosa) is a bacteria first described and isolated by George and Brown 1967 from human clinical samples of patients with caries [1]. It is a Gram-positive organisms, with a pleomorphic morphology. Its presentation can be as filamentous form with branches in solid environments or in cocci form in fluid environment [2] FIGURE. R. dentocariosa can be seen in clusters, individually or in chains. R. dentocariosa is commonly found in oral cavity of humans and correlated with periodontal diseases [2], [3]. Due to its prevalence and pathogenesis to humans, it is important to study this organism and its pathways for infection.
Examples of citations [1], [2]
Genome structure
Select a strain for which genome information (e.g. size, plasmids, distinct genes, etc.) is available.
Rothia Dentocariosa ATCC 17931 (NC_014643) [4]. It has a circular DNA of size 2 506 025 bp. It has 2126 genes genes, 24 Pseudogenes and 2040 coding-sequences [4].
Cell structure and metabolism
Rothia dentocariosa is related to the Actinomyces species but it can be differentiated by its cell wall, which does not possess DAP. Instead, the peptidoglycan is based in L-Lys–Ala3 bridges [2, 12]. The major sugars are galactose, fructose, glucose and ribose, while the fatty acid component consists of methyl-branched fatty acids, unsaturated menaquinones, Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and Phoshatidylglycerol (PG) [2, 23]. Interestingly, dimannosyl diglyceride has higher prevalence in the filamentous from than the coccal form of R. dentocariosa [12]. In order to form the biofilm in the oral cavity, it coaggregates with Actinomyces species such as Actinomyces naeslundii, which uses Type 2-fimbrial adhesins [22].
It does not produce spores, does not have aerial micellium and has no motility. [1,2]. Chemically, It reduces nitrate to ammonia, is catalase positive, oxidase and urease negative, perform nitrate and nitrite reduction, decomposes casein. Uses mannose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, glycerol, glucose and trelahose to ferment lactic and acetic acid. They cannot grow in ammonium ions environment. It cannot hydrolyse starch [2].
Ecology
It is an aerobic bacteria but it can also grow in microaeophilic environments. Grows better at 35° C. The abundance of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen in the oral cavity makes it a comfortable environment for bacteria in general. Streptococci species are the most abundant followed by Haemophilus, Gemella, Rothia and Actinomyces species. Neisseria species and Rothia dentocariosa are one of the early colonizers of the oral cavity. This species appeared in the first 6 hour after colonization, commonly located in the sublingual sulcus. [16]
A symbiotic interaction between R. dentocariosa and humans can happen in the case of nitrate reduction. R. The host provides the bacteria with nutrients, and the bacteria produce nitrite. This can be further processed to nitric oxid, which acts as an antimicrobial agent. Nitrite production was concentrated in the dorsal surface of the tongue. Veilonella was the major group, followed by Acrtinomyces and in the third place were Rothia spp. Less caries were found in patients with high nitrate-reducing ability [5]. It has also been reported that R. dentocariosa is a human pathogen.
Pathology
It causes inflammation in some patients, when the microbial environment is imbalanced. This inflammation is generally present in gingivitis and periodontitis [15,14]. The immune response can be activated by various pathways. Expression of levan cause classical and alternate complement activation, which is related to cytotoxicity and is related to the initiation of periodontal disease [10]. Additionally, production of cytokines such as Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) as a response mediated by Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) generated by immune cells in the host is thought to generate the inflammation seen in gingivitis and periodontitis [14, 15].
In patients with initial root caries lesions, this organism was one of the predominants. And the prevalence in root surface was less than the initial root caries. Additionally, after the treatment this species decreased significantly. This seems to indicate that Rothia dentocariosa has a specific role in the intial steps of the colonization of the tooth [4]. Rothia dentocariosa and Scardovia inopinata are present in 50% of caries, while it is absent in caries-free subjects. Whilst it was negatively related with bleeding in gingivitis [14].
Additionally, it can cause systemic infection. The most common is endocarditis. 85% of the patients had a previous heart condition and 60% had a dental condition. 25% of the patients had a related mycotic aneurysm. If the antibiotic treatment did not work, the patients had to recur to surgery [6]. Rare infections can be spotted in other places. Lung cancer patients have been reported to have Pneumonia due to Rothia Dentocariosa [7]. Rarer cases of peritonitis [8], Bacteremia [18], Sepsis [21], prostheses infections [9, 19], tonsillitis [20]. It generally affected immunosuppressed patients, but treatment with antibiotics was effective.
Application to biotechnology
Glutamine endopeptidase enzyme have been extracted from Rothia species, This enzyme have gliadin degrading activity and is used to treat celiac disease. The major enzyme product is neprilysin (WP_005508036.1) extracted from Rothia mucilaginosa and Metalloendopeptidase PepO (WP_004006409.1) or Peptidase M13 (WP_048752476.1) from Rothia dentocariosa. Some embodiments used both species to generate the enzyme [24]. A BLAST search found 77% and 76% similarity between neprilysin and R. dentocariosa enzymes respectively.
Current research
The current research in this species is related to biofilm inhibition. Rothia dentocariosa found in biofilm surrounding silicone voice prostheses was treated with carboxymenethyl-chitosan and the reduction of the biofilm was of 23% less after 22 days. This possible antibiotic works in a long-time period [9]. Treatments with ZnO nanoparticles (35 nm) has been tested against biofilms and it resulted in inhibition of both R. dentocariosa and R. mucilaginosa with an IC50 of 53 μg/ml and 76 μg/ml respectively [5]
TLR2 was not the only receptor responsible by the host cells immune response, it was suggested that nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein could be the other receptor that participates in the immune response [15].
References
References examples
1. Georg L.K, Brown J.M. (1967) Rothia, gen. nov. an aerobic genus of the family Actinomycetaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 17: 79-88. 2. Graevenitz A.V. (2004) Rothia dentocariosa: taxonomy and differential diagnosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 10: 399-402. 3. Kistler J.O, Booth V, Bradshaw D.J, Wade W.G. (2013) Bacterial community development in experimental gingivitis. PLoS One 8: e71227. 4. NCBI GENOME 5. Collins M.D, Shah H.N. (1984) Fatty acid, menaquinone and polar lipid composition of Rothia dentocariosa. Arch Microbiol 137: 247-249. 6. Pandhi P, Hammond B. (1975) A glycolipid from Rothia dentocariosa. Arch Oral Biol 20: 399-401. 7. Ruhl S, Eidt A, Melzl H, Reischl U, Cisar J.O. (2014) Probing of microbial biofilm communities for coadhesion partners. Appl Environ Microbiol 80: 6583-6590. 8. Oppenheim F.G, Heller D, Helmerhorst E.J, Gower A.C, Siqueira W.L, Paster B.J. (2016) Microbial diversity in the early in vivo-formed dental biofilm. Appl Environ Microbiol 82: 1881-1888. 9. Doel J.J, Benjamin N, Hector M.P, Rogers M, Allaker R.P. (2005) Evaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity. Eur J Oral Sci113: 14-19. 10. Khan S.T, Ahamed M, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy A.A. (2014) Anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against the oral opportunistic pathogens R othia dentocariosa and R othia mucilaginosa. Eur J Oral Sci 122: 397-403. 11. Kataoka H, Taniguchi M, Fukamachi H, Arimoto T, Morisaki H, Kuwata H. (2014) Rothia dentocariosa induces TNF-alpha production in a TLR2-dependent manner. Pathog Dis 71: 65-68. 12. Lesher R.J, Gerencser V.F. (1977) Levan Production by a Strain of Rothia: Activation of Complement Resulting in Cytotoxicity for Human Gingival Cells. J Dent Res 56: 1097-1105. 13. Bizhang M, Ellerbrock B, Preza D, Raab W, Singh P, Beikler T, Henrich B, Zimmer S. (2011) Detection of nine microorganisms from the initial carious root lesions using a TaqMan?based real?time PCR. Oral Dis 17:642-652. 14. Thomas R.Z, Zijnge V, Cicek A, de Soet J.J, Harmsen H.J, Huysmans M.C. (2012) Shifts in the microbial population in relation to in situ caries progression. Caries Res 46: 427-431. 15. Boudewijns M, Magerman K, Verhaegen J, Debrock G, Peetermans WE, Mewis A, Peeters V, Rummens JL, Cartuyvels R. 2003. Rothia dentocariosa , endocarditis and mycotic aneurysms: case report and review of the literature. Clin Microbiol Infect 9: 222-229. 16. Wallet F, Perez T, Roussel-Delvallez M, Wallaert B, Courcol R. (1997) Rothia dentocariosa: Two New Cases of Pneumonia Revealing Lung Cancer. Scand J Infect Dis 29: 419-420. 17. Keng T.C, Ng K.P, Tan L.P, Chong Y.B, Wong C.M, Lim S.K. (2012) Rothia dentocariosa Repeat and Relapsing Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ren Fail 34: 804-806. 18. Yang C.Y, Hsueh P.R, Lu C.Y, Tsai H.Y, Lee P.I, Shao P.L, Wang C.Y, Wu T.Z, Chen S.W, Huang L.M. (2007) Rothia dentocariosa bacteremia in children: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Formos Med Assoc 106:S33-38. 19. Wiesmayr S, Stelzmueller I, Berger N, Jungraithmayr T.C, Fille M, Eller M, Zimmerhackl L.B, Margreiter R, Bonatti H. (2006) Rothia dentocariosa sepsis in a pediatric renal transplant recipient having post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Pediatr Transplant 10: 377-379. 20. Ohashi M, Yoshikawa T, Akimoto S, Fujita A, Hayakawa S, Takahashi M, Arakawa Y, Asano Y. (2005) Severe acute tonsillitis caused by Rothia dentocariosa in a healthy child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24: 466-467 21. Tan Y, Leonhard M, Moser D, Ma S, Schneider-Stickler B. (2016) Long-term antibiofilm activity of carboxymethyl chitosan on mixed biofilm on silicone. Laryngoscope doi:10.1002/lary.26096. 22. Ozan F, Oncel ES, Duygulu F, Celik I, Altay T. (2015) Prosthetic hip joint infection caused by Rothia dentocariosa. Int J Clin Exp Med 8: 11628-11631. 23. Helmerhorst E.J, Oppenheim F.G. April 2014. Rothia species glutamine endopeptidases and use thereof. US patent 8685392 B2. 24. NCBI
- ↑ MICR3004
This page is written by<Jeniffer Denisse Loaiza Naranjo> for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016
